Joint Probability Density Functions for Direct-Detection Optical Receivers
- Author: Lee Jae Seung
- Organization: Lee Jae Seung
- Publish: Journal of the Optical Society of Korea Volume 18, Issue2, p124~128, 25 Apr 2014
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ABSTRACT
We derive joint probability density functions (JPDFs) for two adjacent data from direct-detection optical receivers in dense wavelength-division multiplexing systems. We show that the decision using two data per bit can increase the receiver sensitivity compared with the conventional decision. Our JPDFs can be used for software-defined optical receivers enhancing the receiver sensitivities for intensity-modulated channels.
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KEYWORD
Optical communication , Optical receivers , Optical amplifiers , Gaussian optical receiver
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Recently, software-defined networks that can provide practical ways of handling multi-standard environments have been investigated extensively [1, 2]. In a similar way, software-defined optical receivers are under development in optical fiber communication systems to satisfy many different kinds of modulation formats and baud rates [3, 4]. Although coherent optical systems have become more practical than during their early stages, currently deployed optical transmission systems are mostly the intensity-modulated and direct-detection (IM/DD) type.
Conventional optical receivers for IM/DD systems use a single data per single bit for the decision [5] and require clock recovery circuits. If we could use multiple data for the decision, we do not need the clock recovery circuits [4] while enhancing the receiver sensitivities. However, there are no analyses, to our knowledge, about the correlations between two adjacent data from an optical receiver.
In this paper, we propose to use correlations of two adjacent data for the decision in direct-detection optical receivers. Using the receiver eigenmodes [6-12], we derive the joint characteristic function (JCF) for two successive data from an optical receiver and evaluate the corresponding joint probability density function (JPDF) [13]. The receiver eigenmodes can describe accurately the effects of the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), received optical waveforms, and shapes of optical and electrical filters within the receiver [7]. Recently, receiver eigenmode contributions have been analyzed as a function of time for the optical receiver output [12]. It has been found that, in conventional dense WDM systems [14-17], where the channel spacing is comparable to the bit rate, the lowest-order (0-th) receiver eigenmode contributes dominantly. We will use this fact to find the correlations of two adjacent data and the threshold line for the decision to get higher sensitivities than conventional receivers.
II. JOINT CHARACTERISTIC FUNCTION
Before the derivation of the JPDF, we derive the JCF first. We will consider two adjacent samples at times
t 1 andt 2. Considering only the polarization component parallel to the received optical signal, we can find the voltage att 1, denoted asy 1, as [7]where
Sm (t 1) andNm (t 1) are complex numbers that represent the signal and the noise amplitudes, respectively, for them -th receiver eigenmode.λm is them -th eigenvalue andk is a proportional constant. For allm , the real and the imaginary parts ofNm (t 1) are mutually independent zero mean Gaussian random variables having an identical variance of In conventional dense WDM systems, the lowest-order receiver eigenmode contributes dominantly [12] and we can approximateWe normalize
y 1 such that it becomes a power ratio such thatwhere the denominator is the noise power per receiver eigenmode per polarization. Similarly, we have the normalized voltage at
t 2 asN 0(t 1) andN 0(t 2) are related by a correlation function as [12]The correlation function,
C (t 1−t 2), relates the0 -th order eigenmode amplitudes at different times, which is given bywhere
ø 0 (ω ) is the0 -th order eigenfunction. Let’s denote the real part ofN 0(t 1) andN 0(t 2) asN 1r andN 2r, respectively, and the imaginary part ofN 0(t 1) andN 0(t 2) asN 1i andN 2i , respectively. The covariance matrix forN 1r ,N 1i ,N 2r , andN 2i can be found as [13]where
Cr andCi are real and imaginary parts ofC (t 1−t 2), respectively. The inverse matrix of Σ iswhere
For the Gaussian vector,
X =(N 1r ,N 1i ,N 2r ,N 2i )T , whereT means the transpose, its JPDF is [13]Thus the JPDF for
N 1r ,N 1i ,N 2r , andN 2i can be written asThe JCF for and can be written as
where
E {⋅} is the ensemble average. The integrations can be done exactly using the Gaussian integration formula,where
α andβ are constants with Re α > 0 . Thus we findwhere
S 1r andS 1i are real and imaginary parts ofS 0(t 1), respectively. Also,S 2r andS 2i are real and imaginary parts ofS 0(t 2), respectively. If we include the other polarization, where only the ASE components are present, we obtain the JCF exactly as follows:III. JOINT PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION
The JPDF of and can be found from the twodimensional Fourier transform
When the signal is absent, the JCF becomes
which gives the JPDF of and in an exact form
where
I 1 is the modified Bessel function. We have used the following relation (x ,M > 0) :If the two data are independent, we find from (22)
This JPDF is just a product of each sample’s PDF. To find (24), we have increased
G satisfying theG < 1 condition. When the signal is present, the JPDF can be obtained numerically. Note that the integration over ξ1 can be done exactly to yieldwhere
The remaining integral can be done using a fast-Fourier-transform algorithm.
We may use the asymptotic form for the Bessel function, , and evaluate the integral of (25) using the method of steepest descents [18], which gives
The complicated expression of (27) is valid when the correlation is low (
G ≈1). We perform numerical evaluations of (25) to find BER throughout.For our analysis, we use a Gaussian optical receiver [11, 12], where both optical and electrical filters are Gaussian. We assume
A 1 =A 2. We choose the 3-dB bandwidth of the optical filter two times larger that of the electrical filter. The 3-dB bandwidth of the electrical filter is 0.7 times the bit rate. Then the correlation function (6) becomesC (τ) = exp[−(0.7π)22q /{(1−q 2)ln2}(τ/T )2] [12]. We haveq = 0.268 according to the bandwidth ratio between the optical and the electrical filters.T is the bit period. The two sampling points areT /4 apart and we obtainG = 0.396. We assume no phase changes of the signal between two sampling points, which givesFigure 1 shows two JPDFs evaluated numerically along the = line for
A 1 = 40.65 and forA 1 = 0 simultaneously. The former corresponds to the mark and the latter corresponds to the space. The JPDF for the space has been scaled down by the factor of 10 compared with the JPDF for the mark.In Fig. 2, we show the foregoing JPDFs in a 3-dimensional way. It has been obtained by adding the JPDFs’ functional values to after multiplying a constant 4×103. Only the points, where at least one of the JPDFs is larger than 10-10, are shown. The JPDF for the space has been scaled down by the factor of 10 here also. Since
A 1 =A 2, the JPDFs, including (22), are symmetric with respect to the = = line. Note thatf (, ) = 0 when at least one of and is zero. Along the = line, the width of each JPDF increases as increases. In conventional optical receivers, where a threshold voltage is used, we haveBER = (2A 1/π)1/4 exp(−A 1/4)/4 [11], which is 2.2×10-5. In our case, there is a threshold line as is shown in Fig. 2 where both JPDFs have the same value. The area of each JPDF beyond that line contributes to the BER [5] which is evaluated numerically as 6.8×10-6. This corresponds to about 0.5 dB enhancement inA 1 compared with the conventional BER of 2.2×10-5.A 1 andA 2 are actually signal-to-noise ratios [11]. Thus we can have higher system margins using the correlation between the data from the direct-detection optical receiver.If the two sampling points are
T /2 apart with all other parameters fixed, G increases to 0.866. The JPDFs in this case are shown in Fig. 3, which become more circularly symmetric owing to the reduced correlation. The BER is 2.6×10-7 and the enhancement inA 1 increases to about 1.6 dB. If the two sampling points are 3T /4 apart with all other parameters fixed,G increases to 0.989. The BER is 1.3×10-8 and the enhancement inA 1 is about 2.4 dB. If the received signal has a different phase between two sampled points, this will decreaseH in (18). In this case, our numerical analyses show that the BER decreases as the phase difference increases. Thus our BER values can be reduced introducing the phase change within a bit.In order to use the threshold line for the decision, we need analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital signal processing (DSP) circuits instead of conventional D-flip-flop type decision. The speed of ADC and DSP circuits has been increased remarkably up to coherent 200 Gb/s per channel during recent years [19]. Realizations of software-defined optical receivers using these devices are now technically feasible and our JPDFs can be used to upgrade their capabilities for IM/DD channels.
We have derived the JPDFs for two voltage data from direct-detection optical receivers in dense WDM systems. We have shown that, with our JPDFs, we can reduce the BER and enhance the receiver sensitivities by 0.5 dB ~ 2.4 dB. Our decision method can be used for software-defined optical receivers supporting both coherent and intensity-modulated channels simultaneously.
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[FIG. 1.] Joint probability density functions (JPDFs) evaluated numerically along the = line for the mark (A1,2= 40.65) and for the space (A1,2 = 0). The JPDF for the space has been scaled down by the factor of 10 compared with the JPDF for the mark. The two sampling points are T/4 apart, where T is the bit period. A Gaussian optical receiver is used with G = 0.396.
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[FIG. 2.] Plot of the JPDFs of Fig. 1 in the (, ) plane. We have added the JPDF’s functional value to after multiplying a constant 4×103. We show only the points where at least one of JPDFs is larger than 10-10. The JPDF for the space has been scaled down by the factor of 10.
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[FIG. 3.] Plot of the JPDFs in (, ) plane, where the two sampling points are T/2 apart with all other parameters the same as Fig. 2. G = 0.866. The JPDFs become more circularly symmetric than those of Fig. 2 owing to the reduced correlation.