In this paper, a new asymmetric public key cryptography based on the modified RSA algorithm is proposed by using logic-based optical processing. The proposed asymmetric public key algorithm is realized into an optical schematic, where AND, OR and XOR logic operations are implemented by using free space digital optics architecture. Schematically, the proposed optical configuration has an advantage of generating the public keys simultaneously. Another advantage is that the suggested optical setup can also be used for message encryption and decryption by simply replacing data inputs of SLMs in the optical configuration. The last merit is that the optical configuration has a 2-D array data format which can increase the key length easily. This can provide longer 2-D key length resulting in a higher security cryptosystem than the conventional 1-D key length cryptosystem. Results of numerical simulation and differential cryptanalysis are presented to verify that the proposed method shows the effectiveness in the optical asymmetric cryptographic system.
Nowadays as public communication networks such as the internet and mobile networks develop, there has been a strong need for information security. However, because the public network is not secure from information cracking, important personal information such as IDs and passwords are hacked. For this reason, information security of the public network has become a great issue. In order to solve this security problem, various kinds of cryptography algorithms have been proposed for cipher systems. One of the cryptography protocols was a symmetric key encryption method. In this method, two users share a secret private key in advance, and then they transmit cipher messages over the public network by using this private key in plain message encryption. However, the symmetric private key may be intercepted by an unauthorized user because this type of cryptosystem has only one-key. To solve this problem, public key cryptography such as Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol was introduced [1]. In this protocol, two users unknown to each other can set up a public key for their asymmetric key(two-key) exchange cryptosystem and share a secret key. However, this private key can be attacked because this shared secret key is used to encrypt messages by applying the symmetric cryptography. Therefore, an advanced algorithm such as 3DES(triple Data Encryption Standard) [2] or asymmetric RSA public key cryptography [3] was introduced to enhance security strength, using two-key encryption.
In general, the electronic cryptosystem is slow and requires much time to compute the encryption procedure if the key length is very long and two-key encryption is adopted. In contrast the optical cryptosystem has advantages of fast processing and vast data encryption. In recent years, there have been a number of optical encryption methods for cryptographic systems [4-16] and several optical asymmetric key cryptosystems have been presented [17-21]. Also, we have presented several papers on the optical encryption technique by using Boolean logic-based operations [22-23], and we have recently reported on the optical modified Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol [24]. These asymmetric cryptographic methods enhance the security greatly against attacks. Therefore, there is still interest in research to present an optical method of asymmetric public key cryptography.
In this paper, a modified asymmetric RSA public key cryptography by using logic-based optical processing is proposed and the performance of the proposed method is shown. The proposed algorithm is implemented into an optical schematic by using dual free-space interconnected optical logic operations. Section II is organized as three parts. In the first part, the RSA public key cryptography algorithm is overviewed. The second part explains the proposed asymmetric cryptography. In the third part, the optical schematic of the proposed asymmetric cryptosystem is proposed and the optical cryptographic process is explained. In Section III, numerical simulations and differential cryptanalysis prove the performance by showing results of the proposed optical asymmetric cryptosystem with the modified algorithm. Finally, conclusions are briefly summarized in Section IV.
2.1. RSA Public Key Cryptography
The idea of an asymmetric public-private key cryptosystem is attributed to Diffie and Hellman, who published the concept in 1976 [1]. However, they left open the problem of realizing a one-way function, possibly because the difficulty of factoring was not well studied at the time. R. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman made several attempts to create a one-way function that is hard to invert. This asymmetrical public key cryptography is now known as the RSA algorithm. RSA is made of the initial letters of the surnames in the same order as on their paper where they first publicly described the algorithm in 1978 [3]. RSA is one of the first practical public key cryptosystems and is widely used for secure data transmission. In such a cryptosystem, the encryption key is public and differs from the decryption key, which is kept secret. In RSA, this asymmetry is based on the practical difficulty of factoring the product of two large prime numbers, the factoring problem. A user of the RSA cryptosystem creates and then releases a public key based on two large prime numbers, along with an auxiliary value. The prime numbers must be kept secret. Anyone can use the public key to encrypt a message, but the encrypted cipher message cannot be decrypted without knowing the private decryption key.
The RSA public key algorithm allows two users to transmit a cipher text over an insecure communications medium. For example, two users (i.e., Alice and Bob) wish to exchange messages each other but do not want an eavesdropper (i.e., Eve) to know their message. To do this, they will agree upon and set up a random public-private key for their cryptosystem. RSA involves a public key and a private key. The public key can be known by everyone and is used for encrypting messages. Messages encrypted with the public key can only be decrypted by using the corresponding private key. The RSA algorithm involves three steps as follows: key generation, encryption and decryption.
1. Bob chooses two distinct prime numbers
2. Bob computes
3. Bob computes f(
4. Bob chooses an integer
5. Alice encrypts a plain text P with public key {
6. Bob decrypts a cipher text C with private key {
Figure 1 shows the asymmetric RSA public key cryptography algorithm. As you see in Fig. 1, Bob chooses two distinct prime numbers
2.2. Proposed Asymmetric Cryptography
Basically, it is very difficult for the RSA algorithm to be implemented by optical means due to two main reasons. The first one is that there is no proper method to perform modulo arithmetic by optical techniques. The second is that it is hard to represent a prime number onto an optical device properly. It may be possible to encode the prime number into binary digits by conversion. Despite these difficulties, an optical asymmetric public key cryptographic method is proposed in this paper by modifying the conventional RSA algorithm. In the proposed method, the conventional RSA algorithm can be modified to an optically realizable algorithm, where modulo arithmetic can be simply substituted with a logic-based optical processing. Therefore, modulo arithmetic is mathematically replaced by the XOR logic operation, that is, modulo two addition. Specifically, XOR-only encryption schemes will be perfectly secure if and only if the key data is perfectly random and never reused [23]. When the logic-based optical processing such as AND, OR and XOR operations is applied to the above RSA algorithm, the modified asymmetric algorithm can be described as follows.
1. Alice and Bob agree upon and share a common key number
2. Bob chooses two distinct random numbers
3. Bob computes
4. Bob computes
5. Bob computes
6. Bob chooses a random number
7. Alice encrypts a plain text P with the public keys {
8. Bob decrypts a cipher text C with private keys {
Figure 2 shows the modified asymmetric public key cryptography algorithm by using logic-based processing, and Fig. 3 shows the flow charts for the proposed asymmetric cryptographic method. As shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, suppose that Alice and Bob agree upon and share a common key number
In order to get public-private key pairs, Bob chooses a random number
Now, Bob releases {
The second step is Alice’s encryption of plain text which is shown as Fig. 3(b). With Bob’s public keys {
Equation (10) means that the plain text cannot be decrypted if we do not know the private keys
The third step is Bob’s decryption of the cipher text which is shown as Fig. 3(c). In the proposed asymmetric cryptography algorithm, the decryption can be easily accomplished by using the similar procedure as key generation which is shown as Fig. 3(a). Bob uses still two distinct random numbers
Also, Fig. 3 shows that the proposed asymmetric cryptography has a realizable optical schematic by using logic-based optical processing. In the proposed method, an XOR-based double encryption technique is used. This technique is very similar to the 3DES algorithm and was reported in the previous paper [22]. From Eq. (10), the cipher text C contains two security keys. One is the decryption key
2.3. Optical Implementation of the Proposed Cryptosystem
Inherently, an optical information processing system has an advantage of 2-D data processing and fast parallel information processing time. This implies that the optical cryptosystem can have very long key length and massive data processing by expanding the key to 2-D array, but this 2-D key expansion does not increase processing time due to parallel processing of all bits in the array. Moreover, a cryptosystem has a key length of M×N bits with 2-D arrayed format, it means that 2M×Ν brute force attacks are required. With these properties, an asymmetrical public key cryptosystem by using logic-based optical processing is proposed, which uses 2-D page-typed input format in the public-private key pair and then results in the same 2-D arrayed output format in the cipher text. In this paper, the main idea of the proposed asymmetric method is that the modified RSA algorithm is implemented in an optical way by using the bitwise logic-based and free-space interconnected optical processing technique.
The advantage of the bitwise 2-D arrayed optical logic processing technique is that no pixel encoding-decoding process is required because the output has the same format as the input. In order to implement optically the logic-based operations, 2-D binary input variables are spatially dual encoded by using two’s complement [22-24]. Referring to the modified RSA algorithm by using logic-based optical processing as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, an optical configuration of the proposed asymmetric cryptography is designed with optical components such as mirrors (M), beam splitters (BS), and spatial light modulators (SLM). In this configuration, all the SLMs are used as free-space interconnected optical logic gates. Figure 4 shows the optical schematic of the proposed asymmetric public key cryptography using dual free-space interconnected logic operations. Schematically, the optical setup contains Mach-Zehnder type interferometer architecture. Four beam splitters BS1, BS2, BS3 and BS4 divide a collimated light into two lights, and two beam splitters BS4 and BS8 combine these divided lights into one light. Two beam splitters BS2 and BS3 perform optical AND, OR and XOR logic operations, while two beam splitters BS4 and BS8 perform optical OR logic operations and the resultant combined lights from BS8 are recorded on two CCDs. In addition, three beam splitters BS5, BS6 and BS7 are used for performing XOR logic operations. Also, this architecture is composed of eight SLMs which are used for displaying data inputs and one aperture which is used for logic control.
In order to investigate the operating principles of the optical schematic of the modified RSA algorithm, the flow charts for the proposed asymmetric cryptography method shown in Fig. 3 are considered. As to public key generation, let us consider the public keys generation procedure shown in Fig. 3(a). Figure 4(a) shows the optical configuration for the proposed asymmetric cryptosystem so as to generate the public keys {
With these public keys {
As to Bob’s decryption step, the same optical configuration shown in Fig. 4(a) is used for decrypting the cipher text C into the plain text P. In this paper, the optical schematic for Bob’s decryption is omitted because of duplication. According to the flow chart shown in Fig. 3(a), Bob’s decryption can be done simply by replacing the common key
III. NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS AND ANALYSIS
For the purpose of verifying the modified RSA algorithm and of showing the effectiveness in the proposed optical asymmetric cryptosystem, the proposed cryptosystem is analyzed and computer numerical simulations are carried out. In the proposed method, input data to be processed is binary bit data or a binary image. In numerical simulation, all input data have the form of page-typed 2-D array which consists of 64 × 64 binary pixels for convenience. Also, this means that the security key length has 64 × 64 = 4,096 bits which is very much longer key length compared to the conventional electronic cryptography. For example, the conventional 1-D key length for the RSA public key cryptosystem has 512 bits, 768 bits or 1,024 bits. According to the pilot examples of metrics for cryptographic algorithms of the reference[25], if the key length is 1,024 bits in the conventional RSA cryptography, then 2.4 × 1017 years of attack time is needed. In this paper, the key length is assumed to be 64 × 64 = 4,096 bits so that 264×64 = 24,096 brute force attacks are required to find the correct key, which implies very huge attack time. Moreover, if we expand the data size to 128×128 pixels array, then the key length increases to 16,384 surprisingly. This means that 2128×128 = 216,384 brute force attacks are required to find the correct key. In addition to the 2-D arrayed longer key length, the proposed asymmetric cryptosystem has a difficulty in finding the decryption private key
A shared common key
On the other hand, in order to analyze cipher-text-only key attack, some possible key attacks which should be made from the open public keys {
Table 1 shows numerical results for AMSE for some cipher-text-only key attacks. These AMSE are average values calculated from 1,000 evaluations for each case. For the binary text cryptographic system, MSE value of 0% means that the decrypted text is exactly the same as the original plain text and MSE value of 100% means that the decrypted text represents the reversed data of the original plain text. From the table, MSE is close to 50% for each attack, which means that the decryption is almost incorrect because MSE of 50% means that the decrypted text is the same as a half of the plain text.
[TABLE 1.] Numerical results for AMSE for cipher-text-only key attacks
Numerical results for AMSE for cipher-text-only key attacks
3.2. Differential Cryptanalysis
In image encryption, the cipher resistance to differential attacks is commonly analyzed via the NPCR (number of pixel changing rate) test [26]. The NPCR
Here, C1 and C2 are cipher text image before and after one pixel change in a plain text image, respectively, and T is total pixels in the cipher text. If two test cipher text images of size M×Ν are ideally encrypted, then the theoretical expectation and the variance of a random variable are
F denotes the largest pixel value compatible with the cipher text format. For the binary image case, F=1. In this paper, C1 and C2 are cipher texts of size M × Ν encrypted by Boolean logic combination of random numbers
Here,
[TABLE 2.] Numerical results for NPCR randomness test for the proposed cryptosystem
Numerical results for NPCR randomness test for the proposed cryptosystem
In this paper, a novel asymmetric public key cryptography based on the modified RSA algorithm is proposed by using logic-based optical processing. The proposed asymmetric algorithm is realized by optical logic-based operations to modify the conventional RSA algorithm, where AND, OR and XOR logic operations are implemented by using free space digital optics architecture. The optical schematic of the proposed method consists of dual free-space interconnected logic operation to perform Boolean logic operations. Schematically, the proposed optical configuration has an advantage of generating the public keys simultaneously. The proposed asymmetric cryptosystem can provide higher secure cryptosystem than the conventional RSA algorithm because the proposed algorithm uses a kind of XOR logic-based double key encryption technique which consequently enhances security strength. Also, the proposed optical configuration has 2-D array data format which can increase the key length easily to strengthen the security system. In addition, 2-D expansion of data size does not increase information processing time owing to the parallel processing property despite increase in 2-D data. Another advantage of the proposed method is that it is convenient to alter the user’s two secret random numbers and the decryption key in generating the public keys, which means the proposed method has a property that users can change three random numbers at their own discretion. Computer numerical simulations and differential cryptanalysis verifies that the proposed cryptographic method is effective and suitable for the asymmetric data encryption system.