검색 전체 메뉴
PDF
맨 위로
OA 학술지
Evaluation on Anticancer Effect Against HL-60 Cells and Toxicity in vitro and in vivo of the Phenethyl Acetate Isolated from a Marine Bacterium Streptomyces griseus
  • 비영리 CC BY-NC
  • 비영리 CC BY-NC
ABSTRACT

We previously identified Streptomyces griseus as an anti-cancer agent (Kim et al., 2014). In this study, we isolated compounds from S. griseus and evaluated their anticancer effect and toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Preparative centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) was used to obtain three compounds, cyclo(L-[4-hydroxyprolinyl]-L–leucine], cyclo(L-Phe-trans-4-hydroxy-L-Pro) and phenethyl acetate (PA). We chose PA, which had the highest anticancer activity, as a target compound for further experiments. PA induced the formation of apoptotic bodies, DNA fragmentation, DNA accumulation in G0/G1 phase, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Furthermore, PA treatment increased Bax/Bcl-xL expression, activated caspase-3, and cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) in HL-60 cells. Simultaneous evaluation in vitro and in vivo, revealed that PA exhibited no toxicity in Vero cells and zebrafish embryos. We revealed, for the first time, that PA generates ROS, and that this ROS accumulation induced the Bcl signaling pathway.


KEYWORD
Streptomyces griseus , Marine bacteria , Secondary metabolite , Anti-cancer activity , Toxicity
  • Introduction

    The marine environment is a rich source of natural products with a wide variety of biological activity. During the last three decades, more than 15,000 natural products were isolated from marine organisms (MarinLit, 2008). In many cases, pharmaceutically interesting natural products were isolated from microbes associated with marine invertebrates, rather than the marine invertebrates themselves (Faulkner et al., 2000; Haygood et al., 1997; Proksch et al., 2002; Thoms et al., 2005a; Thoms et al., 2005b). Sponges harbor significant amounts of bacteria in their tissues. In some cases bacteria make up more than 40% of the sponge biomass (Vacelet, 1975; Bewley and Faulkner, 1998). Marine sponge-associated microbes rely on sponges for nutrient acquisition and secondary metabolite production (Hentschel et al., 2002). The various secondary metabolites synthesized by microbial associates also possess excellent bioactivity in many studies (Pimentel-Elardo et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2005; Bringmann et al., 2003, 2005; Zheng et al., 2005). Thus, sponge-associated micro-organisms represent an attractive source of marine natural products.

    By employing sophisticated techniques and various screening programs, 22,500 biologically active compounds were extracted from microbes. Among these, 45% were from Actinobacteria, 38% from fungi, and 17% from unicellular bacteria. Importantly, Actinobacteria, particularly Streptomyces sp., have long been recognized as an excellent source of bioactive metabolites (Demain and Sanchez, 2009).

    To continue our work isolating and evaluating the biological activity of microbial metabolites, we identified active compounds exhibiting an anticancer effect in Actinobacterium strain, Streptomyces griseus, which was previously selected from 37 microbes obtained from the coast of Jeju Island, Korea.

    Materials and Methods

      >  General materials

    RPMI-1640 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin-streptomycin, and trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Gibco/BRL (Burlington, ON, Canada). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), RNase A, Dihydroethidium (DE), 2’ 7’-dichlorodihydro fluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA), propidium iodide (PI), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and Hoechst 33342 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Antibodies against Bax, Bcl-xL, cleaved caspase-3, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and GAPDH were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Bedford, MA, USA). All solvents used for preparation of crude sample and CPC separation were of analytical grade (Daejung Chemicals &Metals Co., Seoul, Korea). HPLC grade solvents were purchased from Burdick & Jackson (MI, USA).

      >  Culture and Extraction procedure of Streptomyces griseus

    2 L Erlenmeyer flasks containing 2 L of medium containing of peptone (0.7%), yeast extract (0.2%), D-(+)-Glucose (0.2%) and seawater (100%) were inoculated with a single colony from a well grown agar plate. The bacterial strain was cultured (18 L) for 20 days (static) at 29℃ with humidity. The cultured broth of the strain S. griseus was centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 15 min) to remove the cells. Then the supernatants were extracted with equal volumes of ethyl acetate (EtOAc). After separation, the organic extracts were combined and concentrated in vacuo to dryness at 35℃ yielding 0.6 g of a dark red-colored solid extract was stored in a refrigerator for CPC separation.

      >  Separation procedure of centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC)

    CPC operation was performed by modified protocol of Lee et al. (2014). LLB-M high performance CPC 240 (Sanki Engineering, Kyoto, Japan) was used in preparative CPC. The EtOAc extract was suspended in H2O and fractionated with n-hexane to give water fraction and n-hexane fraction. The CPC experiments were performed using a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane:EtOAc:MeOH:water (0:10:1:9, v/v). The upper organic phase was used as the mobile phase, whereas the lower aqueous phase was employed as the stationary phase. When the mobile phase emerged from the column, indicating that hydrostatic equilibrium had been reached (back pressure : 2.0 MPa), and the effluent from the CPC process was monitored in the UV at 254 nm.

      >  HPLC-DAD and HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS analysis

    HPLC (Waters, Milford, Massachusetts, USA) and HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS (Hewlett-Packard 1100 series, Waldbronn, Germany) operation were performed by modified protocol of Lee et al. (2014). Gradient was from 5% to 50% for solvent A in 50 min, from 50% to 100% for solvent A in 10 minutes with a 10-min hold at 100% for solvent A. Multiple wavelength monitoring was performed at 210, 254, 280 and 365 nm and photodiode array detector measured from 200 to 400 nm. Operating HPLC-DAD -ESI/MS, negative ion mass spectra of the column eluate were recorded in the range m/z 100-2000.

      >  1H-NMR and 13C -NMR analysis of purified compounds

    The 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra of the isolated compounds were recorded on a JEOL JNM-ECP 400 MHz NMR spectrometer, using Methanol-d4 solvent peak (3.31 ppm in 1H and 49.15 ppm in 13C NMR) as an internal reference standard. MS spectra were obtained on a JEOL JMS-700 spectrometer (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).

      >  Cell culture

    HL-60 (Human promyelocytic leukemia cell line) was maintained at 37℃ in an incubator with humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2. Cells were cultured at a concentration of 5 × 104 cells/ml in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat-inactivated FBS, penicillin (100 U/mL) and streptomycin (100 μg/mL) for further experiments.

      >  Cell growth inhibitory assay

    The cell growth inhibitory assays of the test samples were examined by MTT assay and modified protocol of Kang et al. (2012). A 5 × 104 of HL-60 cells was seeded in 96-well plate, and then the cells were treated with 10 μL of the samples, and further incubated for 36 h. And then was measured via ELISA at a wavelength of 540 nm by MTT stock solution (2 mg/mL).

      >  Nuclear staining with Hoechst 33342

    The nuclear morphology of cultured HL-60 cells was studied using modified protocol of Kang et al. (2012). The cells with homogeneously stained nuclei were considered viable, whereas the presence of chromatin condensation and/or fragmentation was indicative of apoptosis (Gschwind and Huber, 1995; Lizard et al., 1995). HL-60 cells were seeded into 24-well plates at a density of 1 × 105 cells/mL. The cells were then treated with various concentrations of the target compound and incubated for an additional 36 h. Then, Hoechst 33342 and PI, a DNA specific fluorescent dye was added to the culture medium at a final concentration of 10 and 5 μg/mL, respectively. The stained cells were then observed under a fluorescence microscope equipped with a CoolSNAP-Pro color digital camera to determine the degree of nuclear condensation.

      >  Cell cycle analysis

    Cell cycle analysis was measured using modified protocol of Kang et al. (2012). The HL-60 cells were seeded into 5 cm dishes at a density of 1 × 105 cells/mL. The cells were then treated with the target compound and incubated for 36 h. Flow cytometric analysis was conducted with an FACSCalibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA). The effect of the target compound on the cell cycle was determined by changes in the percentage of cell distribution at each cell cycle phase, and assessed by histograms generated by the Quest and Mod-Fit computer programs (Wang et al., 1999).

      >  Measurement of ROS

    The accumulation of intracellular H2O2 was measured modifying previously described protocol (Wen et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2003). In brief, the HL-60 cells were placed in 6-well plates at a concentration of 5 × 104 cells/mL. The cells were treated with various concentrations of the target compound. After 48 h the fluorescence was analyzed using a flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA).

      >  Western blot analysis

    Western blot analysis was performed by modified protocol of Kang et al. (2012). Cells (1 × 105 cells/mL) were treated with various concentrations of the target compound and harvested. To measure apoptosis mechanism, primary antibody against Bax, Bcl-xL, cleaved caspase-3, PARP, and GAPDH were used. Signals were developed using an ECL western blotting detection kit (WESTAR C ULTRA, CYAGEN, Italy) and exposed to X-ray films.

      >  Origin and maintenance of zebrafish

    Adult zebrafish were obtained from a commercial dealer (Seoul Aquarium, Korea) and 10 fish were kept in a 3-L acrylic tank under the following conditions: 28.5 ℃, with a 14/10 h light/dark cycle. Feeding the fish was performed as protocol of Ko et al. (2014).

      >  Evaluation on toxicity of PA in zebrafish

    For the toxicity of PA in zebrafish embryos heartbeat rates, cell deaths and survival rates in zebrafish embryos were measured according to protocols by Ko et al. (2014). The images of stained embryos were observed using a fluorescence microscope (CKX41, Olympus, Japan), which was equipped with a CoolSNAP-Pro colour digital camera (Olympus, Japan).

      >  Statistical analysis

    The Student’s t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to determine statistically significant differences between the values for the various experimental groups and the control. Data are expressed as means ± standard errors (SE) and the results are taken from at least three independent experiments performed in triplicate.

    Results

      >  Isolation of main compounds from S. griseus extract

    We isolated bioactive metabolites from S. griseus as described in Fig. 1. To choose the most efficient separation, a two-phase solvent system was used with two immiscible solvents with different compositions and volume ratios, such as n-hexane:EtOAc:MeOH:water (v/v). Three compounds were successfully isolated under the solvent condition n-hexane:EtOAc:MeOH:water (0:10:1:9, v/v) using preparative CPC. The CPC isolation yielded 29.7 mg cyclo(L-[4-hydroxyprolinyl]-L-leucine), 24.9 mg cyclo(L-Phe-trans- 4- hydroxyl-L-Pro) and 15.7mg phenethyl acetate (PA) from the water fraction (409.6 mg) of the S. griseus extract. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra, and comparison with previously published data. The chemical structures of the three compounds are presented in Fig. 1.

    Cyclo[L-(4-hydroxyprolinyl)-L-leucine]: pale yellow liquid, 1H NMR (Methanol-d3, 400 MHz) δ 4.51 (1H, m, H-8), 4.46 (1H, m, H-6), 4.17 (1H, m, H-3), 3.65 (1H, dd, J = 12.3 and 3.5 Hz, H-9a), 3.43, (1H, m, H-9b), 2.10 (1H, m, H-7a), 2.08 (1H, m, H-7b), 1.92 (1H, m, H-10a), 1.89 (1H, m, H-11), 1.52 (1H, m, H-10b), 0.97 (3H, d, J = 2.0 Hz, H-12), 0.96 (3H, d, J = 2.0 Hz, H-13); 13C NMR (Methanol-d3, 100 MHz) δ 173.2 (C-5), 169.2 (C-2), 69.3 (C-6), 58.9 (C-8), 55.3 (C-9), 54.7 (C-3), 39.5 (C-10), 38.3 (C-7), 25.9 (C-11), 23.5 (C-12), 22.3 (C-13); ESI/MS m/z 227.09 [M+1]+.

    Cyclo(L-Phe-trans-4-hydroxy-L-Pro): pale yellow liquid, 1H NMR (Methanol-d3, 400 MHz) δ 7.26 (5H, m, H-12-16), 4.49 (1H, m, H-3), 4.28 (1H, m, H-6), 4.20 (1H, m, H-8), 3.68 (1H, m, H-9a), 3.20 (1H, m, H-9b), 3.16 (2H, m, H-10), 2.08 (1H, m, H-7a), 1.29 (1H, m, H-7b); 13C NMR (Methanol-d3, 100 MHz) δ 171.4 (C-5), 167.2 (C-2), 137.5 (C-11), 131,2 (C-13, 15), 129.6 (C-12, 16), 128.2 (C-14), 68.7 (C-11), 58.5 (C-12), 57.7 (C-13), 55.4 (C-11), 39.0 (C-11), 38.2 (C-11); ESI/MS m/z 261.20 [M+1]+.

    Phenethyl acetate: pale yellow liquid, 1H NMR (Methanol-d3, 400 MHz) δ 7.23 (5H, m, H-1-5), 3.34 (2H, t, J = 1.6 and 1.8 Hz, H-7), 2.78 (2H, t, J = 7.6 and 7.3 Hz, H-8), 1.90 (3H, s, H-11); 13C NMR (Methanol-d3, 100 MHz) δ 171.8 (C-10), 140.3 (C-6), 129.8 (C-2, 4), 129.7 (C-1, 5), 127.8 (C-3), 42.2 (C-8), 36.4 (C-7), 22.3 (C-11); ESI/MS m/z 164.08 [M]+.

      >  Anti-proliferative effects in HL-60 cells

    The dried S. griseus extract was fractionated with water and n-hexane, and the anti-proliferative effects in HL-60 cells were evaluated (Fig. 2A). Cells were exposed to 50, 100, or 200 μg/mL n-hexane or water fraction for 48 h. DMSO was used as a control. The water fraction displayed a greater inhibitory effect in HL-60 cells (9%, 23%, and 91% at 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL, respectively) than, the n-hexane fraction. The anti-proliferative effects of the three compounds isolated from the water fraction were then evaluated in HL-60 cells (Fig. 2B). The IC50 values were 115.7, >200, and 74.7 μg/mL for cyclo(L-[4-hydroxyprolinyl]-L-leucine),cyclo(L-Phe-trans-4-hydroxy-L-Pro), and PA, respectively. PA possessed the highest anticancer activity against HL-60 cells. Thus, it was selected as a target compound for use in further experiments.

      >  Anticancer activity of PA via cell-cycle arrest

    Because HL-60 cells are highly sensitive to PA, we examined whether PA could interfere with the cell cycle by flow cytometry. HL-60 cells were incubated with PA (0.15, 0.30 and 0.60 μM) for 48 h analyzed by flow cytometry. PA decreased the proportion of cells in the S and G2/M phases, and dose-dependently, increased those in G0/G1 phase (Fig. 3A). Furthermore, the proportion of cells in the sub-G1 phase, which is associated with apoptosis, slightly increased.

      >  Effects of PA on apoptosis

    Induction of cell death and apoptosis by PA was further studied using a Hoechst-PI double staining assay (Fig. 4A). Untreated control cells exhibited no DNA damage; however, obvious cell damage was observed in the PA-treated cells. PA dramatically increased both the number of apoptotic bodies and cell death in HL-60 cells. To evaluate the mechanism of PA-induced apoptosis, the expression of pro-apoptotic (Bax, PARP and caspase-3) and anti-apoptosis (Bcl-xL) proteins were evaluated by western blot (Fig. 5B). The expression level of Bcl-xL decreased in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, cleaved PARP was dramatically increased, whereas cleaved caspase-3 was slightly increased by PA treatment.

      >  ROS generation

    We evaluated whether PA induces apoptosis via ROS accumulation in HL-60 cells. DCFH-DA was used to measure total ROS production in cells (Fig. 4C). PA treatment dose-dependently increased ROS production in HL-60 cells. In particular, the fluorescence intensity increased 13-fold when cells were treated with 0.60 μM PA, as compared to the control. These results suggest that PA-induced ROS generation in HL-60 cells may be important for the anticancer effects of PA.

      >  PA toxicity in vitro and in vivo

    We evaluated the cytotoxicity of PA in Vero monkey kidney cells (Fig. 5A), and monitored the survival (Fig. 5B) and growth patterns, including heartbeat, in zebrafish embryos (Fig. 5C). PA was not cytotoxic in Vero cells at the concentrations tested (0.15 ~ 0.60 μM). Furthermore, the toxicity of PA in zebrafish embryos was assessed using embryo mortality and heartbeat disturbances. PA did not affect the survival rate of zebrafish embryos. Although weak toxicity was observed at 0.60 μM PA, it was not significant (Fig. 5D). Furthermore, the heart rate was not influenced by PA. After 4 days of PA treatment edema was observed in one zebrafish embryo (Fig. 5E and Fig. 6E).

    Discussion

    We previously reported that secondary metabolite fractions obtained from marine bacteria collected in Jeju have excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity (Kim et al., 2014). We showed that secondary metabolite fractions from S. griseus exhibited strong anticancer activity against human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Thus we selected this bacteria strain to isolate the secondary metabolites and evaluate their anticancer activity.

    Preparative CPC is a non-solid support, preparative, liquid-liquid separation process that is useful for the isolation of biologically active compounds from plants and marine algae (Kim et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2013 and 2014). We successfully isolated three secondary metabolites, cyclo(L-[4-hydroxyprolinyl]-L-leucine), cyclo(L-Phe-trans-4-hydroxy-L-Pro), and PA, from S. griseus using preparative CPC under optimized conditions (EtAOc:MeOH:water = 10:1:9). Among these compounds, PA showed the strongest anticancer effect. PA is naturally generated during yeast fermentation and cocoa roasting, and is found in high levels evergreen trees (Cinnamomum sp.) and cloves (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunberg) (Sole et al., 1982; Jinap et al., 1999). However, isolation of PA from marine bacteria and its anticancer effects have not been reported to date. Therefore, we evaluated the anticancer effects of PA and its mechanism.

    Flow cytometry revealed that PA increased the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase, indicating that PA suppresses HL-60 cells growth in association with cell-cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. Cell-cycle arrest in cancer cells is a major indicator of anticancer activity. In particular, anticancer agents may alter the regulation of the cell-cycle machinery, resulting in arrest during various phases of the cell cycle and, reduced cancer cell proliferation.

    Apoptosis plays an important role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by regulating cell division and cell death (Yan et al., 2008). Cancer cells are characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and reduced apoptosis. Thus, activation of apoptotic pathways is a key mechanism by which cytotoxic drugs kill cancer cells (Xu et al., 2009). The Bcl-2 protein family is a critical regulator of apoptotic pathways. Many cancers, including leukemia are associated with altered expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL (Young-Min et al., 2012). The anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL resides on the outer mitochondrial membrane and inhibits apoptosis in the presence of various apoptotic stimuli, thereby promoting cell survival (Kang and Reynolds, 2009). In contrast Bax is a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein that resides in the cytosol and translocates to the mitochondria upon apoptosis induction (Cory and Adams, 2002). PA decreased Bcl-xL expression in HL-60 cells, suggesting that decreased Bcl-xL expression may mediate PA-induced apoptosis. Additionally, caspase-3 and PARP cleavage correlated with PA-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Caspase-3 is a key regulator of apoptosis, and is either partially or totally responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of many key proteins, including PARP (Fernandes-Alnemri et al., 1994). PARP is important for cell viability; however, cleavage facilitates cellular disassembly and serves as a marker of cellular apoptosis (Konopleva et al., 1999; Oliver et al., 1998). Hence, PA most likely induce apoptosis through a caspase-dependent pathway.

    ROS generation in cancer cells is often increased after treatment with anticancer agents (Szatrowski and Nathan, 1991; Schumacker, 2006; Trachootham et al., 2006). Previous studies demonstrated that high ROS levels induce cellular damage (Pelicano et al., 2004; Valko et al., 2006; Li et al., 2007; Hseu et al., 2008) and may play an important role in mediating apoptosis (Garcia-Ruiz et al., 1997; Coyle and Puttfarcken, 1993). We determined that ROS are generated during PA-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells. We evaluated intracellular ROS generation using flow cytometry to further clarify the relationship between ROS generation and apoptotic body formation, in PA-treated HL-60 cells. Our data indicate that PA-mediated apoptosis is associated with ROS generation.

    PA is a clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid with a floral odor (Arctander, 1969). PA occurs in nature, with the highest quantities observed in evergreen trees (Cinnamomum sp.) and cloves (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunberg) (VCF, 2011). In this study, we isolated PA from marine bacteria for the first time. Rumyantsev et al. (1987) reported that the oral LD50 of PA in rats was 5.2 g/kg. Thus, evaluation of PA toxicity in vitro and in vivo is critical. Zebrafish embryos have been utilized by many researchers, and exposure of zebrafish embryos to toxicants induces mortality, rapid heartbeat and larval malformation (Hsieh et al., 2013; Han et al., 2014). In our study, PA (0.15-0.06 μM) showed no toxicity in Vero monkey kidney cells and zebrafish embryos, and did not induce morphological malformations in zebrafish embryos. However, because tail edema was observed in one zebrafish embryo at the highest PA concentration, doses less than 0.60 μM might be safer in vivo. These results indicate that PA can suppress cancer cells without severe toxicity in normal cells.

    Conclusion

    In conclusion, this study demonstrated the biological mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effects of PA in HL-60 cells. Our data reveal that PA induces growth inhibition and apoptosis, associated with the down-regulation of Bcl-xL, activation of caspase-3, and ROS generation. Therefore PA may be a potential anticancer drug candidate for leukemia.

참고문헌
  • 1. Arctander S, Arctander S. 1969 Perfume and Flavor Chemicals (Aroma Chemicals) P.2512 google
  • 2. Bewley CA, Faulkner DJ 1998 Lithistid sponges: Star performers or hosts to the stars? [Angewandte Chemie International Edition] Vol.37 P.2162-2178 google cross ref
  • 3. Bringmann G, Lang G, Steffens S, Gunther E, Schaumann K 2003 Evariquinone, isoemericellin, and stromemycin from a sponge derived strain of the fungus Emericella variecolor [Phytochemistry] Vol.63 P.437-443 google cross ref
  • 4. Bringmann G, Lang G, Gulder TAM, Tsuruta H, Muhlbacher J, Maksimenka K, Steffens S, Schaumann K, Stohr R, Wiese J 2005 The first sorbicillinoid alkaloids, the antileukemic sorbicillactones A and B, from a sponge-derived Penicillium chrysogenum strain [Tetrahedron] Vol.61 P.7252-7265 google cross ref
  • 5. Cory S, Adams JM 2002 The Bcl2 family: regulators of the cellular life-or-death switch [Nat. Rev. Cancer] Vol.2 P.647-656 google cross ref
  • 6. Coyle JT, Puttfarcken P 1993 Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders [Science] Vol.262 P.689-695 google cross ref
  • 7. Demain AL, Sanchez S 2009 Microbial drug discovery: 80 years of progress [J Antibiot] Vol.62 P.5-16 google cross ref
  • 8. Faulkner DJ, Harper MK, Haygood MG, Salomon CE, Schmidt EW 2000 Symbiotic bacteria in sponges: sources of bioactive substances. Drugs from the Sea P.107-119 google
  • 9. Fernandes-Alnemri T, Litwack G, Alnemri ES 1994 CPP32, a novel human apoptotic protein with homology to Caenorhabditis elegans cell death protein CED-3 and mammalian interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme [J Biol Chem] Vol.269 P.30761-30764 google
  • 10. Garcia-Ruiz C, Colell A, Mari M, Morales A, Fernandez-Checa JC 1997 Direct effect of ceramide on the mitochondrial electron transport chain leads to generation of reactive oxygen species [J Biol Chem] Vol.272 P.11369-11377 google cross ref
  • 11. Han Z, Wang Q, Fu J, Chen H, Zhao Y, Zhou B, Gong Z, Wei S, Li J, Liu H, Zhang X, Liu C, Yu H 2014 Multiple bio-analytical methods to reveal possible molecular mechanisms of developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos/larvae exposed to tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate [Aquat Toxicol] Vol.150 P.175-181 google cross ref
  • 12. Haygood MG, Davidson SK 1997 Small-subunit rRNA genes and in-situ hybridization with oligonucleotides specific for bacterial symbionts in larvae of the bryozoan Bugula neritina and proposal of “Candidatus Endobugula sertula” [Appl Environ Microbiol] Vol.63 P.4612-4616 google
  • 13. Hentschel U, Hopke J, Horn M, Friedrich AB, Wagner M, Hacker J, Moore BS 2002 Molecular evidence for a uniform microbial community in sponges from different oceans [Appl Environ Microb] Vol.68 P.4431-4440 google cross ref
  • 14. Hseu YC, Chang WH, Chen CS, Liao JW, Huang CJ, Lu FJ, Chia YC, Hsu HK, Wu JJ, Yang HL 2008 Antioxidant activities of Toona Sinensis leaves extracts using different antioxidant models [Food Chem Toxicol] Vol.46 P.105-114 google cross ref
  • 15. Hsieh FY, Ma TL, Shih HY, Lin SJ, Huang CW, Wang HY, Cheng YC 2013 Dner inhibits neural progenitor proliferation and induces neuronal and glial differentiation in zebrafish [Devel Biol] Vol.375 P.1-12 google cross ref
  • 16. Jinap S, Wan Rosli WI, Russly AR, Nordin LM 1998 Effect of roasting time and temperature on volatile component profiles during nib roasting of cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao) [J Sci Food Agricult] Vol.77 P.441-448 google cross ref
  • 17. Kang MH, Reynolds CP 2009 Bcl-2 inhibitor: targeting mitochondrial apoptotic pathways in cancer therapy [Clin Cancer Res] Vol.15 P.1126-1132 google cross ref
  • 18. Kang SM, Cha SH, Ko JY, Kang MC, Kim D, Heo SJ, Kim JS, Heu MS, Kim YT, Jung WK, Jeon YJ 2012 Neuroprotective effects of phlorotannins isolated from a brown alga, Ecklonia cava, against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in murine hippocampal HT22 cells [Environ Toxicol Pharmacol] Vol.34 P.96-105 google cross ref
  • 19. Kim CY, Ahn MJ, Kim J 2006 A preparative isolation and purification of arctigenin and matairesinol from Forsythia koreana by centrifugal partition chromatography [J Sep Sci] Vol.29 P.656-659 google cross ref
  • 20. Kim HS, Zhang C, Lee JH, Ko JY, Kim EA, Kang N, Jeon YJ 2014 Evaluation of the Biological Activities of Marine Bacteria Collected from Jeju Island, Korea, and Isolation of Active Compounds from their Secondary Metabolites [Fish Aquat Sci] Vol.17 P.215-222 google
  • 21. Konopleva M, Mikhail A, Estrov Z, Zhao S, Harris D, Sanchez-Williams G, Kornblau SM, Dong J, Kliche KO, Jiang S, Snodgrass HR, Estey EH, Andreeff M 1999 Expression and function of leptin receptor isoforms in myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes: proliferative and antiapoptotic activities [Blood] Vol.93 P.1668-1676 google
  • 22. Lee JH, Ko JY, Oh JY, Kim CY, Lee HJ, Kim J, Jeon YJ 2014 Preparative isolation and purification of phlorotannins from Ecklonia cava using centrifugal partition chromatography by one-step [Food Chem] Vol.158 P.433-437 google cross ref
  • 23. Lee JH, Ko JY, Samarakoon K, Oh JY, Heo SJ, Kim CY, Nah JW, Jang MK, Lee JS, Jeon YJ 2013 Preparative isolation of sargachromanol E from Sargassum siliquastrum by centrifugal partition chromatography and its anti-inflammatory activity [Food Chem Toxicol] Vol.62 P.54-60 google cross ref
  • 24. Li GX, Hu H, Jiang C, Schuster T, Lu J 2007 Differential involvement of reactive oxygen species in apoptosis induced by two classes of selenium compounds in human prostate cancer cells [Intern J Cancer] Vol.120 P.2034-2043 google cross ref
  • 25. Liu R, Cui CB, Duan L, Gu QQ, Zhu WM 2005 Potent in vitro anticancer activity of metacycloprodigiosin and undecylprodigiosin from a sponge-derived actinomycete Saccharopolyspora sp [Arch Pharm Res] Vol.28 P.1341-1344 google cross ref
  • 26. Marin L 2008 A marine literature database produced and maintained by the Department of Chemistry google
  • 27. Oliver FJ, de la Rubia G, Rolli V, Ruiz-Ruiz MC, de Murcia G, Urcia JM 1998 Importance of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and its cleavage in apoptosis lesson from an uncleavable mutant [J Biol Chem] Vol.273 P.33533-33539 google cross ref
  • 28. Pelicano H, Carney D, Huang P 2004 ROS stress in cancer cells and therapeutic implications [Drug Resistance Updates] Vol.7 P.97-110 google cross ref
  • 29. Pimentel-Elardo SM, Kozytska S, Bugni TS, Ireland CM, Moll H, Hentschel U 2010 Anti-parasitic compounds from Streptomyces sp. strains isolated from Mediterranean sponges [Mar Drug] Vol.8 P.373-380 google cross ref
  • 30. Proksch P, Edrada RA, Ebel R 2002 Drugs from the seas: Current status and microbiological implications [Appl Microbiol Biotechnol] Vol.59 P.125-134 google cross ref
  • 31. Rumyantsev VV, Oziraner AS 1987 Ustoichivost’i stabilizatsiya dvizheniya po otnosheniyu k chasti peremennykh google
  • 32. Schumacker PT 2006 Reactive oxygen species in cancer cells: live by the sword, die by the sword [Cancer Cell] Vol.10 P.175-176 google cross ref
  • 33. Soles RM, Ough CS, Kunkee RE 1982 Ester Concentration Differences in Wine Fermented by Various Species and Strains of Yeasts [Am J Enol Vitic] Vol.33 P.94-98 google
  • 34. Szatrowski TP, Nathan CF 1991 Production of large amounts of hydrogen peroxide by human tumor cells [Cancer Res] Vol.51 P.794-798 google
  • 35. Thoms C, Schupp PJ 2005 Biotechnological potential of marine sponges and their associated bacteria as producers of new pharmaceuticals (Part II) [J Intern Biotechnol Law] Vol.2 P.257-264 google
  • 36. Thoms C, Schupp PJ 2005 Biotechnological potential of marine sponges and their associated bacteria as producers of new pharmaceuticals (Part I) [J Intern Biotechnol Law] Vol.2 P.217-220 google
  • 37. Trachootham D, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Demizu Y, Chen Z, Pelicano H, Chiao PJ, Achanta G, Arlinghaus RB, Liu J, Huang P 2006 Selective killing of ncogenically transformed cells through a ROS mediated mechanism by bphenylethyl isothiocyanate [Cancer Cell] Vol.10 P.241-252 google cross ref
  • 38. Vacelet J 1975 Etude en microscopie electronique de l’association entre bacteries et spongiaires du genre Verongia (Dictyoceratida) [J Microscopy Biol Cell] Vol.23 P.271-288 google
  • 39. Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M 2006 Free radical, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induce cancer [Chem Biol Intern] Vol.160 P.1-40 google cross ref
  • 40. Wen J, You KR, Lee SY, Song CH, Kim DG 2002 Oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis: the anticancer effect of the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide [J Biolog Chem] Vol.277 P.38954-38964 google cross ref
  • 41. Xu Y, Ge R, Du J, Xin H, Yi T, Sheng J, Wang Y, Ling C 2009 Corosolic acid induces apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway and caspases activation in human cervix adenocarcinoma HeLa cells [Cancer Lett] Vol.284 P.229-237 google cross ref
  • 42. Yan Y, Su X, Liang Y, Zhang J, Shi C, Lu Y, Gu L, Fu L 2008 Emodinazide methyl anthraquinone derivative trigger mitochondrial-dependent cell apoptosis involving in caspase-8-midiated Bid cleavage [Mol Cancer Ther] Vol.7 P.1688-1697 google cross ref
  • 43. Zhang Z, Leonard SS, Huang C, Vallyathan V, Castranova V, Shi X 2003 Role of reactive oxygen species and MAPKs in vanadate-induced G2/M phase arrest [Free Radical Biol Medic] Vol.34 P.1333-1342 google cross ref
  • 44. Zheng L, Chen H, Han X, Lin W, Yan X 2005 Antimicrobial screening and active compound isolation from marine bacterium NJ6-3-1 associated with the sponge Hymeniacidon perleve [World J Microbiol Biotechnol] Vol.21 P.201-206 google cross ref
이미지 / 테이블
  • [ Fig. 1. ]  Flow chart illustrating the extraction, purification and chemical structures of bioactive metabolites from Streptomyces griseus.
    Flow chart illustrating the extraction, purification and chemical structures of bioactive metabolites from Streptomyces griseus.
  • [ Fig. 2. ]  Inhibitory effects of two fractions (hexane and water fraction) (A) and compounds (cyclo[L-(4-hydroxyprolinyl)-L-leucine], the cyclo(L-Phe-trans-4-hydroxy-L-Pro) and PA) (B) from S. griseus extract against the growth in the HL-60 cells. HL-60 cells were incubated with various concentrations of two fractions for 48 h and the cell viability was examined by an MTT assay. Each value indicates that the mean ± standard error from three independent experiments.
    Inhibitory effects of two fractions (hexane and water fraction) (A) and compounds (cyclo[L-(4-hydroxyprolinyl)-L-leucine], the cyclo(L-Phe-trans-4-hydroxy-L-Pro) and PA) (B) from S. griseus extract against the growth in the HL-60 cells. HL-60 cells were incubated with various concentrations of two fractions for 48 h and the cell viability was examined by an MTT assay. Each value indicates that the mean ± standard error from three independent experiments.
  • [ Fig. 3. ]  Effects of PA on the cell cycle progression. HL-60 cells were exposed to various concentrations of PA (0.15-0.60 μM) for 48 h followed by cell-cycle distribution assay. PA caused a significant increase in the level of cells in G0/G1 phase compared with control. (A) Histogram of cell cycle patterns of HL-60 cells. (B) Bar graph of cell cycle patterns of HL-60 cells. All the data are presented as means ± SD and are the results of at least three individual experiments.
    Effects of PA on the cell cycle progression. HL-60 cells were exposed to various concentrations of PA (0.15-0.60 μM) for 48 h followed by cell-cycle distribution assay. PA caused a significant increase in the level of cells in G0/G1 phase compared with control. (A) Histogram of cell cycle patterns of HL-60 cells. (B) Bar graph of cell cycle patterns of HL-60 cells. All the data are presented as means ± SD and are the results of at least three individual experiments.
  • [ Fig. 4. ]  Effects of PA on apoptosis (A), apoptosis-related proteins (B) and ROS generation (C) in HL-60 cells. (A) HL-60 cells were seeded at 5×104 cells/mL and treated with different PA concentrations for 48 h. Apoptotic bodies were double stained with Hoechst 33342 and PI solution and then observed under a fluorescent microscope using a blue filter and red filter. (B) HL-60 cells. Cells were treated with PA at the indicated concentration for 24 h. Whole cell lysates were subjected to Western blot analysis of anti Bcl-xL, -cleaved-caspase-3 and -PARP monoclonal antibodies. GAPDH was used as internal control. (C) HL-60 cells were seeded at 5×104 cells/mL and treated with different PA concentrations. After 48 h, the cells were labeled with 10 μM DCFH2-DA (for H2O2) for 30 min at 37℃, and subjected to subsequent FACS analyses for intracellular ROS accumulation.
    Effects of PA on apoptosis (A), apoptosis-related proteins (B) and ROS generation (C) in HL-60 cells. (A) HL-60 cells were seeded at 5×104 cells/mL and treated with different PA concentrations for 48 h. Apoptotic bodies were double stained with Hoechst 33342 and PI solution and then observed under a fluorescent microscope using a blue filter and red filter. (B) HL-60 cells. Cells were treated with PA at the indicated concentration for 24 h. Whole cell lysates were subjected to Western blot analysis of anti Bcl-xL, -cleaved-caspase-3 and -PARP monoclonal antibodies. GAPDH was used as internal control. (C) HL-60 cells were seeded at 5×104 cells/mL and treated with different PA concentrations. After 48 h, the cells were labeled with 10 μM DCFH2-DA (for H2O2) for 30 min at 37℃, and subjected to subsequent FACS analyses for intracellular ROS accumulation.
  • [ Fig. 5. ]  Cell viability of PA with various concentrations in normal Vero cells (A), survival rate (B), change of the heart-beat rate (C), cell death and edema rate (D) of zebrafish embryos by PA. Experiments were performed in triplicate. Each value indicates that the mean ± standard error from three independent experiments. *P > 0.05
    Cell viability of PA with various concentrations in normal Vero cells (A), survival rate (B), change of the heart-beat rate (C), cell death and edema rate (D) of zebrafish embryos by PA. Experiments were performed in triplicate. Each value indicates that the mean ± standard error from three independent experiments. *P > 0.05
  • [ Fig. 6. ]  Morphology change of zebrafish by administration of PA during four days. Morphologies of zebrafish were observed at 1 day (A), 2 day (B), 3 day (C), and 4 day (D), respectively after treatment of PA (0.15 μ 0.60 μM). (E) edema picture of zebrafish at 4 day.
    Morphology change of zebrafish by administration of PA during four days. Morphologies of zebrafish were observed at 1 day (A), 2 day (B), 3 day (C), and 4 day (D), respectively after treatment of PA (0.15 μ 0.60 μM). (E) edema picture of zebrafish at 4 day.
(우)06579 서울시 서초구 반포대로 201(반포동)
Tel. 02-537-6389 | Fax. 02-590-0571 | 문의 : oak2014@korea.kr
Copyright(c) National Library of Korea. All rights reserved.