Seasoned laver is a unique seaweed product that is prepared by roasting a sheet of dried laver Pyropia spp., to which various vegetable oils have been applied, at an ultra-high-temperature (UHT) of 300℃ for about 10 s (Hwang, 2013; Jo et al., 1995). It is one of the most well-known Korean traditional seafoods, and has become popular worldwide because of its special taste, compactness, texture, and health benefits (Park et al., 2001; Cho et al., 2009). The value of seasoned laver products exported in 2013 was USD 180 million (Korea Customs Service, 2014).

In the preparation of seasoned laver, vegetable oils are used as the major ingredient (usually 30–40%, w/w) (Lee, 1999; Jo et al., 1995). Our previous study, thermal oxidative stability of six vegetable oils (sesame, perilla, sunflower, rice bran, canola, and olive) was investigated (Kim et al., 2015). In commercial seasoned laver products, a mixture of corn, sesame, and perilla oils is most frequently used. In particular, because it is inexpensive, the corn oil content of seasoned laver oils generally exceeds 80% (w/w).

The blending ratio of seasoned laver oils is usually decided on the basis of economical and sensory considerations. However, the effects of the blending ratio on the oxidative stability of seasoned laver oils have not yet been studied. During the processing of seasoned laver, UHT treatment at 300℃ induces the thermal oxidation of the oils (Jo et al., 1995). In addition, due to the high oil content of the seasoned laver, the thermal oxidative stability of the oil is the most important factor in determining the product’s shelf life (Wang et al., 2010; Hasenhuettl and Wan, 1992).

In this study, the effects of the blending ratio of corn, sesame, and perilla oils on the oxidation and sensory quality of seasoned laver were monitored and optimized using a response surface methodology (RSM). In addition, the variations in price with different blending ratios of seasoned laver oils were also monitored. The thermal oxidative stability of the oils was evaluated by determination of the oxidation induction time using a Rancimat instrument.

Corn (CJ Cheiljedang Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea), sesame (Chamgoeul Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea), and perilla (Chamgoeul Co., Ltd.) oils were purchased from a local market and stored in a refrigerator until their use in the experiment. Sheet-type dried laver (Pyropia spp.) was purchased from Korea Fishery Co., Ltd (Pyeongtaek, Korea). All reagents used were analytical grade.

A central composite rotatable design (CCRD; Montgomery, 1996) was used to monitor the effects of the blending ratio of corn, sesame, and perilla oils on the oxidation and sensory quality of the seasoned laver. The oil blending ratio (v/v) at the center point was: corn 86.3 %, sesame 10.7 %, and perilla 3.0%. The center point was based on the average blending ratio of the commercial seasoned laver in Korean market (Table 1). Two independent variables (X₁ and X₂) were defined using the following equations, and their range and levels are shown in Table 2.

X1 = corn oil / (sesame oil + perilla oil) = 6.33 X2 = sesame oil / perilla oil = 3.60

[Table 1.] Blending ratio of corn, sesame, and perilla oils at the center point

Blending ratio of corn, sesame, and perilla oils at the center point

[Table 2.] Experimental range and values of the independent variables in the central composite rotatable design for the optimization of blending ratio of corn oil, sesame oil, and perilla oil

Experimental range and values of the independent variables in the central composite rotatable design for the optimization of blending ratio of corn oil, sesame oil, and perilla oil

The oxidation induction time (Y₁, h), sensory score (Y₂, point), and unit cost (Y₃, won/L) were selected as the dependent variables. This CCRD matrix consisted of 2² factorial points, 4 axial points (α = 1.414), and 3 replicates of the center point (Table 3).

[Table 3.] Central composite rotatable design matrix and values of dependent variables for the optimization of blending ratio of corn oil, sesame oil, and perilla oil

Central composite rotatable design matrix and values of dependent variables for the optimization of blending ratio of corn oil, sesame oil, and perilla oil

For the response surface regression procedure, the MINITAB software (Ver. 14, Minitab Inc., Harrisburg, PA, USA) was used to fit the following quadratic polynomial equation:

where Y is the dependent variable (induction time, sensory score, and unit cost), β₀ is constant, β_i, β_ii, and β_ij are regression coefficients, and X_i and X_j are the levels of the independent variables. The adequacy of the model was predicted through regression analysis (R²) and an analysis of variance (ANOVA). Three dimensional response surface plots were produced using the Maple software (Ver. 7, Waterloo Maple Inc., Ontario, Canada), and represented a function of two independent variables.

The blending ratio of corn, sesame, and perilla oils was individually optimized for the oxidation induction time (Y₁), sensory score (Y₂), and unit cost (Y₃), respectively. The optimization targets of the dependent variables Y₁, Y₂, and Y₃ were set as the maximum, maximum, and minimum, respectively. Response optimization was calculated by the response optimizer of the MINITAB software. In addition, multiple response optimization was performed to search for the condition that simultaneously satisfied the oxidation induction time (Y₁) and sensory score (Y₂).

Seasoned laver was prepared using an automatic roasting machine (G-400, Woojeong machine Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea). A sheet of dried laver (2.5 g) was roasted at 150℃ for 10 s. It was the roasted again at 300℃ for 10 s, after the application of salt (0.08 g) and the mixed oil (1.6 g) containing corn, sesame, and perilla oils.

For the measurement of the oxidative stability of seasoned laver oil, the oil samples were isolated from the seasoned laver product using a press machine. The oxidative stability of the seasoned laver oils was evaluated by measuring the oxidation induction time using a Rancimat instrument (Metrohm CH series 743, MetrohmAG, Herisau, Switzerland). The oxidation process was monitored for a 3 g sample of oil using an air velocity of 20 L/h at 120℃. During the Rancimat test, volatile compounds, such as formic acid, were rapidly produced and carried by the stream of air to be collected in deionized water. The vapors were continually monitored by measuring the conductivity of the deionized water. The end point was determined in hours.

The sensory evaluation of the seasoned laver samples was performed with a panel consisting of 10 members (3 male, 7 female, aged 25-40 years). All 11 samples were evaluated simultaneously in a randomized order. The quality attributes selected for sensory evaluation were flavor, taste, and crispiness (Liang et al., 2008; Gkatzionis et al., 2013; Sinija and Mishra, 2011). Panel members were asked to take two or three samples to taste and provide a score for each. Between tastings each panel member rinsed their mouth with lukewarm water. The sensory factors assigned to each of the quality attributes were: dislike very much (1), dislike moderately (2), dislike slightly (3), neither like or dislike (4), like slightly (5), like moderately (6), and like very much (7).

It was necessary to fit a quadratic polynomial equation to describe the behavior of the dependent variables on the independent variables (Bezerra et al., 2008). The response surface regression procedure was used to fit the quadratic polynomial equation to the experimental data. The significance of all the coefficients of the constant, linear (X₁, X₂), quadratic (X₁X₁, X₂X₂), and interaction (X₁X₂) terms were calculated for their significance using a t-test (Table 4). The constant coefficients of all dependent variables were highly significant (P < 0.01). The linear coefficients, except for the X₂ term of Y₃ (unit cost), were also significant (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). The fitted response surface model equations are shown in Table 5. The determination coefficient (R²) value indicated that the model equations adequately described the experimental design (Cho et al., 2005). The R² values of Y₁, Y₂, and Y₃ were 0.848, 0.989, and 0.937, respectively, and were significant at the 95% probability level. This confirmed that the experimental design was adequate.

[Table 4.] Estimated coefficients of the fitted quadratic polynomial equation for responses based on t-statistic

Estimated coefficients of the fitted quadratic polynomial equation for responses based on t-statistic

[Table 5.] Response surface model equations for the optimization of blending ratio of corn oil, sesame oil, and perilla oil

Response surface model equations for the optimization of blending ratio of corn oil, sesame oil, and perilla oil

The statistical significance of the quadratic polynomial model equation was evaluated by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). Table 6 shows the ANOVA results for the models that explain the response of the three dependent variables. The linear terms (X₁, X₂) of Y₁, Y₂, and Y₃ were significant (P = 0.015, P = 0.001, and P = 0.002, respectively), whereas their interaction terms (X₁X₂), except for Y₂, were not significant at the 95% probability level (P > 0.05). The results of the lack-of-fit test, which indicates the fitness of the model (Isa et al., 2011), showed that the P-values of Y₁ (oxidation induction time) and Y₂ (sensory score) were not significant (0.103 and 0.374, respectively) at the 95% probability level. The P-value of Y₃ (unit cost) was not calculated because the pure error value of Y₃ mean square was zero (Santos and Boaventura, 2008).

[Table 6.] Analysis of variance for response of dependent variables

Analysis of variance for response of dependent variables

RSM is a useful statistical technique for the evaluation of the relationships between independent (factor) and dependent (response) variables (Dorta et al., 2013). Fig. 1. shows the estimated response function and the effect of the independent variables (X₁ and X₂) on the dependent variables (Y₁, Y₂, and Y₃). The oxidation induction time of the mixed oil increased with an increase in the proportion of corn and sesame oils. In concontrast, perilla oil accelerated the thermal oxidation of the mixed oil. Sesame oil contains natural antioxidants such as sesamin, sesamol, and sesamolin, and a high content of oleic and linoleic acids, which promote the stability of oxidation (Bayder et al., 1999; Lee et al., 2008). However, perilla oil contains a high content (59%) of oxidation-susceptible linolenic acid, which can induce rapid oxidation during UHT treatment (Wang, 2010; Zhao, 2012). These results indicate that the blending ratio of corn, sesame, and perilla oils significantly influences the thermal oxidation stability of the UHT processed seasoned laver. In Korea, sesame and perilla oils are most frequently used for seasoned laver preparation because of their excellent savory taste (Yang et al., 2012). In this sensory test, the seasoned laver with a high proportion of sesame oil (Nos. 3 and 5 in Table 3) was the most preferred product. When considering the overall results of this study, perilla oil was found to be ineffective in terms of oxidation stability, sensory properties, and the cost of the seasoned laver.

[Fig. 1.] Three dimensional response surface plots for oxidation induction time (Y1), sensory score (Y2), and unit cost (Y3).

The blending ratio of corn, sesame, and perilla oils was individually optimized for the oxidation induction time (Y₁), sensory score (Y₂), and unit cost (Y₃). In addition, multiple response optimization was performed to search for the condition that simultaneously satisfied the oxidation induction time (Y₁) and sensory score (Y₂). The optimal conditions of the independent variables X₁ and X₂ on each dependent variable were 1.414 and 0.044 for Y₁, -1.414 and 1.232 for Y₂, and 0.746 and 1.414 for Y₃, respectively (Table 7). The multiple optimal conditions for the oxidation induction time (Y₁) and sensory score (Y₂) were X₁: +1.414 and X₂: -0.051 (Table 8). The blending ratios of corn, sesame, and perilla oils at each optimal condition are shown in Table 9. The optimal blending ratio of corn, sesame, and perilla oils for both oxidation induction time (Y₁) and sensory score (Y₂) were 92.3, 6.0, and 1.7%.

[Table 7.] Optimal conditions for each dependent variable

Optimal conditions for each dependent variable

[Table 8.] Multiple optimal conditions and verification of the predicted and experimental values

Multiple optimal conditions and verification of the predicted and experimental values

[Table 9.] Optimal blending ratios of corn oil, sesame oil, and perilla oil at the each optimal condition

Optimal blending ratios of corn oil, sesame oil, and perilla oil at the each optimal condition

The predicted values of the oxidation induction time (Y₁) and sensory score (Y₂) at the optimal condition were 4.34 h and 5.13 points, respectively (Table 8). To verify the accuracy of the predicted values of the dependent variables at the optimal condition (Y₁ and Y₂), seasoned laver was prepared using a mixture of corn (92.3%, v/v), sesame (6.0%), and perilla (1.7%) oils. Under multiple optimal conditions, the experimental values of Y₁ and Y₂ were 4.41 ± 0.3 h and 5.58 ± 0.8 points, and were similar to the predicted values calculated in the RSM design.

In conclusion, our results show the effects of the blending ratio of corn, sesame, and perilla oils on the oxidation and sensory quality of seasoned laver. The price of the blended oil was also monitored. In addition, this study was designed and analyzed using an RSM. Therefore, the optimal conditions and values of the dependent variables in the RSM design matrix may be useful information for seasoned laver processing companies.