The burrowing cricket genus Velarifictorus Randell, 1964 was distinguished from the previously known genus Scapsipedus Saussure, 1877. Both genera are rather similar with each other in external characters such as the male’s enlarged round head with swollen frons, but there were main differences in the genitalic structures of males (Randell, 1964). Each of them belong to different tribes, those are Velarifictorus in the Modicogryllini, against Scapsipedus in the Gryllini (Otte, 1994). Three subgenera (Velarifictorus Randell, 1964; Buangina Otte and Alexander, 1983; Pseudocoiblemmus Gorochov, 2001) with a hundred species are distributed throughout tropical Asia, Australia, and Africa (Eades et al., 2013). One of the members, the Japanese burrowing cricket Velarifictorus micado, was introduced and successfully established into North America (Alexander and Walker, 1962; Walker, 1977).

In East Asia, around the Korean peninsula, the numbers of Velarifictorus are estimated in the neighboring countries as follows: nine in China (Hua, 2000), five in Japan (Ichikawa et al., 2000), and only one in Far Eastern Russia (Storozhenko, 2004). In Korea, three of the Velarifictorus had been cited, those were Velarifictorus aspersus, Velarifictorus micado and Velarifictorus parvus by Kwon and Huh (1994) and Kwon et al. (1996). Velarifictorus aspersus is a widespread cricket in South Asian countries, having remarkable morphological variations (Ingrisch, 1998). Since the first record of Velarifictorus aspersus (=“Gryllodes berthellus”) from Seoul (=“Keijo”) by Shiraki (1930), there are a lot of records that had been referred in Korea, including junior synonyms. Therefore, it has been regarded as the commonest cricket in Korea. The other Velarifictorus micado was lately listed by Kwon and Huh (1994), but without any remarks or presentation of specimen data. Velarifictorus parvus was last recorded by Choo and Choi (1983), however, its identification was corrected to the other genus and species Modicogryllus siamensis by Paik et al. (2010), but they noted that its distribution is quite questioned in Korea.

In the course of taxonomic studies on Korean crickets and its sound recording projects, the following results were produced relating to the genus Velarifictorus. At first, most early recorded Velarifictorus aspersus are reconfirmed, but the result in this study shows that its distributional ranges are indeed restricted to only several far southern localities in Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeollanam-do. Comparing specimens with prior descriptions, Korean populations should be considered as northern subspecies Velarifictorus aspersus borealis, as pointed out by Storozhenko and Paik (2007). Second, the lately listed Velarifictorus micado is confirmed from nearly all around the Korean peninsula including North Korea (Kim and Puskas, 2012). Judging from these distributional data, it shows that Velarifictorus micado is the most common cricket in Korea rather than Velarifictorus aspersus borealis. Previous records of Velarifictorus aspersus might be misidentified Velarifictorus micado. Third, the previously not reported Velarifictorus sp. was newly recognized, and its sounds were successfully recorded in South Korea (audio available in Kim, 2011). Herein it is identified as Velarifictorus ornatus (Shiraki, 1911), the cricket recorded from Taiwan (type-locality), China (Yin and Liu, 1995), and Japan (Ichikawa et al., 2000).

On the other hand, Modicogryllus siamensis was also confirmed, and its sound data was presented in South Korea (Kim, 2011). The cricket is confused with Velarifictorus members because of the similarity of external characters, but distinguishing characters were well given by Ingrisch (1998). As regard to the genus Modicogryllus, four subgenera (Modicogryllus Chopard, 1961; Eumodicogryllus Gorochov, 1986; Promodicogryllus Gorochov, 1986; Amodicogryllus Gorochov, 1996) with 88 members are widely distributed in Asia, Europe and Africa (Eades et al., 2013). It has been partly underway to review this, such as the following steps: first species grouping (Gorochov, 1978), new subgeneric establishment (Gorochov, 1986), and finally distinct generic consideration (Gorochov, 1993). But a lot of members are still combined in a broad sense with Modicogryllus, because of previous studies treated only a part of the Middle Asian species. A comprehensive revision on the Modicogryllus with the allied subgenera is needed (Ingrisch, 1998).

In the case of Modicogryllus siamensis, for which a subgeneric position was not even assigned (Ingrisch, 1998), it was successively posited as Modicogryllus (Lepidogryllus) siamensis by Ichikawa et al. (2000). The primarily independent genus Lepidogryllus Otte and Alexander, 1983 was established on the basis of Australian two crickets, the other one species was described from Vietnam (Gorochov, 1991). Although there is no congruence regarding its position being either set under Modicogryllus, or being a separate genus, Lepidogryllus can be characterized by the male’s enlarged spermatophore sac, compared with typical Modicogryllus (Gorochov, 1991; Ichikawa et al., 2000). These genitalic structures are used as the principal diagnostic characters to consider generic levels (Chopard, 1961; Randell, 1964). In order to preserve the original authority of the genus, herein Lepidogryllus siamensis com. & stat. nov. is regarded apart from Modicogryllus.

The aim of this paper is to review the burrowing cricket genus Velarifictorus with the morphologically resembled genus Lepidogryllus from Korea based on the result of the project concerned with morphological and acoustical studies on Korean crickets. The examined materials are about 300 specimens, mostly deposited in the collections of the National Institute of Biological Resources (Incheon). A few specimens were additionally studied in the National Academy of Agricultural Science (Suwon), Gyeongsang National University (Jinju), and Ewha Women’s University (Seoul). The terminology for genitalic description refers to Randell (1964), and Gorochov (1978). The male’s calling sounds were recorded by digital recorder (PCM-D50; Sony, Tokyo, Japan) with sampling mode 44-96 kHz, 24 bit in an acoustic room. Audio digital files were analyzed by Raven Pro 1.4 (Cornell Lab of Ornithology), to make out its oscillograms and spectrograms.

Order Orthoptera Olivier, 1789

Family Gryllidae Laicharting, 1781

Subfamily Gryllinae Laicharting, 1781

Genus Velarifictorus Randell, 1964

Type species: Scapsipedus micado Saussure, 1877 (type locality: Japan, Celebes).

Diagnosis. Body coloration dark brown, appendages more brightly mottled. Sexual dimorphism remarkable: male with enlarged round head and full winged tegmina, but female with relatively normal head and short tegmina. Head with transverse strip between lateral ocelli, but sometimes not noticeable. Hind wings degenerated, not surpassing tegmina. Fore tibia with only outer tympanum. Male epiphallus with a pair of prominent lateral lobes and a wide median lobe.

Remarks. It should be noted that Randell (1964) designated Velarifictorus micado as the type species of this genus, but its figures and genitalic descriptions are actually misidentified Velarifictorus aspersus, as mentioned by Ichikawa et al. (2000), and Ichikawa (2001).

Subgenus Velarifictorus Randell, 1964

Type species: Scapsipedus micado Saussure, 1877 (type locality: Japan, Celebes)

Diagnosis. Male epiphallus with relatively long, but not high hind median projection directed backwards. The other two subgenera diagnoses are as follows: Buangina from Australia, male epiphallus with long and high hind median projection; Pseudocoiblemmus from Indochina, male epiphallus with long, but small hind median projection (Gorochov, 2001).

Remarks. All known Korean members belong to the nominate subgenus.

1*Velarifictorus aspersus borealis Gorochov, 1985)

(Tables 1, 2, Figs. 1A, B, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A

Velarifictorus aspersus borealis Gorochov, 1985: 91 (type locality: China, Beijing); Storozhenko and Paik 2007: 100; Paik et al., 2010: 78.

Gryllus aspersus Walker, 1869: 39 (type locality: Hongkong); Scapsipedus aspersus: Wu, 1935: 70; Cho, 1959: 144; 1969: 769; Choo and Choi, 1983: 49; Song, 1988: 357; 1989: 283; Bae and Lee, 1990a: 59; 1990b: 67; Velarifictorus aspersus: Kwon and Huh, 1994: 49; Moon and Yoon, 1994: 106; Kwon et al., 1996: 104; Hua 2000: 56; Paek et al., 2010: 35; Kim, 2011: 65.

=Gryllodes berthellus Saussure, 1877: 205 (type locality: Japan, Amboine, Banka, China); Shiraki, 1930: 218 (“Keijo” =Seoul); Doi, 1932: 38; Ju, 1993: 286; Gryllodinus berthelles [!]: Ju, 1969: 19; Gryllodes berhellus [!]: Hua, 2000: 54 [a synonym by Chopard, 1967].

=Scapsipedus mandibularis Saussure, 1877: 246 (type locality: India, Bombay, Japan); Doi, 1932: 38; Cho, 1959: 145; 1969: 769; Bae and Lee, 1990a: 59; 1990b: 67; Kwon and Huh, 1994: 49; Moon and Yoon, 1994: 106; Kwon et al., 1996: 104; Scapsipedlus [!] mandibularis: Ju, 1969: 21; Velarifictorus mandibularis: Hua, 2000: 57 [a synonym by Chopard, 1967].

Material examined (50 specimens). Korea: Gyeongsangnam- do: 1♂ (light trap), Jinju-si, Yugok-dong, Nabul-ri, 25-26 Sep 1998, Byeon JH; 14♂8♀, ibid. 16 Aug 2012, Kim TW, Kim OS; 1♂1♀, Sacheon-si, Chukdong-myeon, Baechun-ri, 17 Aug 2012, Kim TW; 1♂, Tongyeong-si, Jeongryang-dong, 8 Oct 2011, Sung KS; 2♂, Tongyeong-si, Inpyeong-dong, Gyeongsang National University College of Marine Science Campus, 23 Aug 2006, Jang YK; 5♂8♀, ibid. 17 Aug 2012, Kim TW, Kim OS; Jeollanam-do: 5♂ 3♀, Yeosu-si, Sangam-dong Sangam elementary school, Mt. Yeongchuisan, 28 Aug 2012, Kim OS; Japan: 1♂, Kyoto Prefecture, Kyoto City, Sakyo-ku, Yoshida, Mt. Yoshidayama, alt. 100-120 m, 21 Sep 1988, S. Fujii.

Description. Male (Fig. 1A): Head globulous, sufficiently wider than anterior margin of pronotum in dorsal view; vertex transversely dark brown; occiput bright brown with six longitudinal pale strips posteriorly; a distinct strip transverse between lateral ocelli, its length two times wider than horizontal diameter of antennal socket; median ocellus located between inner upper margins of antennal sockets, surrounded with a short bright line linked downwardly; subocular area weakly depressed, coarsely furrowed; mandibles elongated, thurs clypeal suture transverse higher than mid in head, the suture thickened in upper margins, but diminished in mid; scape as long as wide; palpi bright. Pronotum a little shorter than fore femur, two times wider than long in dorsal view; anterior margin slightly wider than posterior one, both truncated, pilose; lateral lobe of pronotum slightly deeper than pronotal length, lower half area bright. Tegmina (Fig. 3A) rather wider than posterior margin of pronotum, not reaching abdominal end; harp veins two; chordal veins three; mirror area divided, 1.2 times wider than long; apical area well netted, as long as mirror area; lateral field deeper than lateral lobe of pronotum, with 5-6 longitudinal veins. Fore tibia with largely oval-shaped outer tympanum, 3.5 times longer than wide; inner tympanum vestigial, not discernable. Hind femur 2.7 times longer than middle femur. Hind tibia with five pairs of large dorsal spines on both sides, the largest inner apical spur as long as half of basitarsus. Hind barsitarsus two times longer than remaining two tarsomeres combined length; six dorsal spinules on both sides; inner apical spur as long as last tarsomere. Cercus as long as three fifths of hind femur. Subgenital plate as long as half of basal width, its hind margin weakly notched in mid.

Genitalia (Fig. 4A): Epiphallus with a broad and short median lobe, but which is rather distinctly divided posteriorly as a pair of small obtuse-angular lobes by median concavity; lateral lobes longer than middle lobe, with long hairs. Ectoparamere greatly projected beyond hind margin of epiphallus, its basal half rather thickened, but its distal half slightly incurved and sharply tapered at apex, hook-shaped.

Calling sound (Fig. 5A): Shortly and slowly repeated song phrase, each consisting of 1-3 distinctive chirps; their intervals sometimes irregular depending on outer conditions, when regularly repeated mean chirps two; a chirp with undulating 5-8 syllables at 29° condition; each syllable lasted 0.03 s; dominant frequency spectrum 3.5-5 KHz.

Female (Fig. 1B): Head smaller than in male, mandibles moderate, not enlarged. Tegmina shorter than male, just covering two thirds of dorsal abdomen, its apex roundly truncated; medial area longitudinally bright. Subgenital plate convex, roundly trapezoidal, its hind margin narrowly truncated. Ovipositor as long as hind femora.

Distribution. Velarifictorus aspersus borealis: Korea, Japan, North China; Velarifictorus aspersus aspersus: South China, Taiwan, Thailand, Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Indonesia (widely distributed in South East Asia, Oriental region).

Remarks. Although there were plentiful records of Velarifictorus aspersus in Korea, examined materials were only of four male specimens before the year 2012, from the far southern province Gyeongsangnam-do. Through recent field trips attained in 2012 by myself and my colleague Mr. Kim Oh-Sung, the cricket was recollected from the same locality, and a few neighboring localities added in Gyeongsangnamdo. The other specimens were also collected from the far southern province Jeollanam-do by Mr. Kim Oh-Sung in the same year. Therefore, its distributional ranges seem to be rather scattered, but quite restricted, only in far southern areas. The burrowing cricket is, however, never as common a cricket as Velarifictorus micado in Korea. Probably, earlier records of Velarifictorus aspersus are confused with misidentifications, or just citing repetition without taxonomic consideration. Besides, Storozhenko and Paik (2007) introduced subspecies Velarifictorus aspersus borealis for northern populations, based on their nominotypical distributions i.e. borealis occupies north (type locality: Beijing) against aspersus occupies south (type locality: Hongkong). Gorochov (1985, figs. 1-4) described borealis as rather bracypterous and male epiphallus with deeply emarginated hind margin against aspersus with male epiphallus shallowly emarginated hind margin. As compared with Korean materials (Fig. 4A), the structure of male epiphallus more close to borealis rather than aspersus, which subspecific consideration is agreed herein.

1*Velarifictorus (Velarifictorus) micado (Saussure, 1877) (Tables 1, 2, Figs. 1C, D, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B)

Scapsipedus micado Saussure, 1877: 247 (type locality: Japan, Celebes); Velarifictorus micado: Kwon and Huh, 1994: 50; Kwon et al., 1996: 104; Paik et al., 2010: 30, figs. 36ab; Kim, 2011: 67; Velarifictorus mikado [!]: Storozhenko and Paik, 2007: 100; Paek et al., 2010: 35.

Material examined (147 specimens). Korea: Gangwon-do: 1♂3♀ (light trap), Gangneung-si, Samsan-ri, Buyeongyegok Valley, 18-19 Aug 2001, Kim JI, Kim SY; 1♂5♀, Gangneung- si, Okgye-myeon, Sangye-ri, Mt. Seokbyeongsan, 27-28 Aug 2002, Kim TW; 1♂3♀, Yeongwol-gun, Gonggiri, Mt. Sambangsan, 17-18 Sep 2001, Kim TW, Kim MA; 1♀ (light trap), Yeongwol-gun, Mt. Baekdeoksan, Gwaneumsa Temple, 26 Aug 2001, Kim SY, Kim AY; 1♀, Jeongseongun, Nam-myeon, Jeungsan, 19 Sep 2004, Kim TW; 3♀, Chuncheon-si, Gangchon, 20 Sep 1996, Huh R; 1♂, Hwacheon- gun, Haesanryeong Pass, 3 Oct 2006, Kim TW; 1♂, Cheongsong-gun, Chongpyeong, 16 Aug 1988, Oh HJ; 1♀, Wonju-si, Haenggu-dong, Mt. Chiaksan, Hwanggol Office, 1 Sep 2006, Kang TH; Gyeonggi-do: 5♂6♀ (pitfall), Gapyeong- gun, Mt. Cheonggyesan, 27 Sep 2002, Jeong MP; 1♂, Incheon-si, Isl. Boleumdo, 25 Aug 2007, Kim TW; 1♂, Goyang-gun, Madu-dong, 14 Aug 1994, Park SK; 1♂, Goyang- gun, Hwajeong-dong, 1 Sep 2009, Kim TW; 4♂1♀, Yeoncheon-gun, Jeonguk-eup, Hantangang River-bed, 23 Sep 2011, Kim TW; 1♂, Pocheon-gun, Gwangneung Arboretum, 12 Sep 1991, Jeong SM; 1♀, ibid. 6 Aug 1992, Park SJ; 1♀, Gwangju-si, Eommi-ri, 15 Sep 1984, Kim JI; 1♂, Gunpo-si, Mt. Surisan, 7 Oct 2001, Kim TW; 1♂1♀, Pajusi, Mt. Gamaksan, 8 Sep 1984, Kim JI; 1♀, Namyangju-gun, Mt. Cheonmasan, 21 Sep 1987, Kim MS; 1♀, Suwon-si, Cheongcheon-dong, 9 Oct 1987, Lee JH; 2♀, Ansan-si, Daebudo, Sihwaho Lake, 27 Aug 2004, Kim TW; 2♂3♀ (pitfall), Ansan-si, Singil-cheon, 19 Oct 2002, Jeong MP; 6♂7♀ (pitfall), Hanam-si, Misa-dong, 28 Sep 2002, Jeong MP; 1♀, Uijeongbu-si, Gosan-dong, 23 Aug 1992, Choi EA; 1♀, Mt. Bulamsan, 18 Sep 1982, Lee MK; 1♀, Yangpyeong-gun, Yeonsu-ri, 31 Aug 1980, Chang KS; Seoul: 2♂1♀, Eunpyeong- gu, Mt. Bukhansan, 1 Oct 2001, Kim TW; 2♂1♀, ibid. 3 Oct 2003, Kim TW; 2♀, Bukhansanseong, 26 Sep 1991, Jeong SM; 1♀, Jungryang-gu, Junghwa-dong, 12 Sep 1988, Sim HJ; 1♀, Jungryang-gu, Mt. Mangwusan, 4 Oct 1996, Lee SY; 1♀, Uenpyeong-gu, Yeokchon-dong, 9 Oct 1987, Lee MK; 1♀, Dongjak-gu, Sangdo-dong, 4 Aug 1985, Han SO; 1♀, Gangnam-gu, Mt. Cheonggyesan, 14 Aug 1985, Yoon HJ; 1♂, Mt. Kachisan, 25 Aug 1982, Lee EK; 2♂, Mt. Gwanaksan, 25 Sep 1982, Yoo YS, Yoo HK; 1♂, ibid. 8 Sep 1990, Seo MJ; 1♂, Seocho-gu, Mt. Woomyeonsan, 1 Sep 1991, Oh JM; 1♀, Wolgye-dong, 6 Nov 1982, Park HM; 1♀, Seongbuk-gu, Dongseon-dong, 30 Sep 1997, Cho KH; 1♂, Mok 3-dong, 22 Aug 1996, Jeong EJ; 1♂, Dobong-gu, Sinchang-dong, 24 Aug 1987, Park K; Chungcheongbuk- do: 1♀ (light trap), Jecheon-si, Deoksan-myeon, Dogi-ri, Mt. Wolaksan, Munsubong, 14-15 Sep 1996, Jeon JS; 3♀, Chungju-si, Sancheok-myeon, Mt. Cheondeungsan, 28 Aug 2002, Kim TW; 2♀, Chungju-si, Jongmin-dong, Mt. Gyemyeongsan, 29 Aug 2002, Kim TW; 4♂1♀, Chungjusi, Gageum-myeon, Chungju Expressway Resting Place (a down line), 25 Aug 2011, Kim TW; Chungcheongnam-do: 1♀, Gongju-si, Jakgol, 8 Aug 1982, Kim HK; 1♀, Geumsangun, Chubu-myeon, Sundang-ri, Mt. Seodaesan, 28 Sep 2002, Kim AY; 1♂, Hongseong-gun, Gwangcheon-eup, 19 Sep 1998, Yoo JS; Gyeongsangbuk-do: 1♀, Daegu-si, Nam-gu, Daemyeong-dong, 18 Aug 1995, Park EM; Gyeongsangnamdo: 1♀ (light trap), Goseong-gun, Sangri-myeon, Mt. Muisan, Munsuam, 14-15 Oct 1999, An TH; 1♂ (light trap), Namhae- gun, Simcheon-ri, Simcheoncheon, 29-30 Aug 1998, Jeon JS; 2♂1♀, Sacheon-si, Chukdong-myeon, Baechunri, 13 Sep 2001, Paik YH; 1♂ (light trap), Sacheon-si, Waryong- dong, Mt. Waryongsan, Cheongryongsa, 5-6 Oct 1996, An TH; 1♀ (light trap), Jinju-si, Naedong-myeon, Sinyul-ri, 22-23 Sep 1998, Seol JH; 1♂ (light trap), Jinju-si, Ihyeondong, Mt. Sukhosan, 23-24 Sep 1998, Jeon JS; 1♂2♀, Jinju-si, Yugok-dong, Nabul-ri, 16 Aug 2012, Kim TW, Kim OS; 1♂, Tongyeong-si, Jeongryang-dong, 8 Oct 2011, Sung KS; 1♀, Hadong-gun, Hwagae-myeon, Ssanggyesa Temple, 1 Sep 2001, Kim TW; 1♂, ibid. 14 Sep 2010, Kim TW; 1♀, Busan-si, Yeongdo-gu, Cheongsan APT, 30 Aug 2000, Kim SK; 1♂4♀, Haman-gun, Mt. Yuhangsan, 21-23 Sep 2006, Lee DH, Park JH, Park YN; 1♀, Busan-si, Gijang-gun, Ilgwang- myeon, Won-ri, Mt. Dareum, 20 Sep 2008, Sang HS; 1♀, Busan-si, Gijang-gun, Gijang-eup, Mt. Samgak, 19 Sep 2008, Moon TY; Jeollabuk-do: 3♂1♀ (pitfall), Buan-gun, Haseo-myeon, Haechang-ri, 24 Sep 2001, Jeong MP; Jeollanam- do: 1♀, Mokpo-si, Sanjeong-dong, Samhakdo, 16 Oct 2004, Kim TW; 1♂4♀, Gwangyang-si, Dapgok, Mt. Baekunsan, 15 Sep 2001, Paik JC; 1♂1♀, Suncheon-si, Maegok- dong, 3 Oct 2007, Paik JC; Jeju-do: 1♂, Namjeju-gun, Andeok-myeon, Sagye-ri, Mt. Sanbangsan, 14 Aug 2004, Kim JK, Kim TW; 1♂, Namjeju-gun, Andeok-myeon, Andeokgyegok Valley, 15 Oct 2008, Kim TW; 1♂, Jeju-si, Nohyeong-dong, 7 Oct 2006, Jung SH; 1♂, Seoguipo-si, Cheonjiyeon-pokpo, 10 Oct 2011, Kim TW.

Description. Male (Fig. 1C): Head globular, slightly wider than anterior margin of pronotum; vertex roundly merging with frons; occiput with six pale longitudinal strips posteriorly; a distinct strip transverse between lateral ocelli, merging with ∧-shaped ecdysial line, its length two times wider than horizontal diameter of antennal socket; median ocellus located between inner upper margins of antennal sockets, surrounded by a bright line linked downwardly; subocular area weakly depressed, coarsely punctured; mandibles vertical; clypeal suture transverse lower than mid in head; scape as long as wide; palpi bright. Pronotum as long as fore femur, two times wider than long in dorsal view; anterior and posterior margins truncated, pilose; lateral lobe of pronotum as deep as pronotal length, lower margin bright. Tegmina (Fig. 3B) slightly wider than hind margin of pronotum, not reaching abdominal end; harp veins two; chordal veins tree; mirror area divided, as long as wide; apical area well netted, slightly shorter than mirror area; lateral field deeper than lateral lobe of pronotum, with 6-7 longitudinal veins. Fore tibia with largely oval-shaped outer tympanum, its length four times longer than wide; inner tympanum vestigial, not discernable. Hind femur three times longer than middle femur. Hind tibia with five pairs of large dorsal spines on both sides, the largest inner apical spur as long as a half of basitarsus. Hind barsitarsus two times longer than remaining two tarsomeres combined length; 5-6 dorsal spinules on both sides; inner apical spur as long as two thirds of last tarsomere. Cercus as long as three fifths of hind femur. Subgenital plate as long as half of basal width, its hind margin weakly notched in mid.

Genitalia (Fig. 4B): Epiphallus with a moderate-sized median lobe, its hind margin rather transversely truncated, a small emargination present on mid posteriorly, but sometimes not discernable; lateral lobes longer than middle lobe, with long hairs. Ectoparamere acute blade-shaped, greatly projected surpassing hind margin of epiphallus, its apex triangularly pointed.

Calling sound (Fig. 5B): Continuously lasting song phrase, distinctive chirps 4-5 times regularly repeated for 1 s; a chirp with undulating 6-8 syllables at 27° condition; each syllable lasted 0.02 s; dominant frequency spectrum 3-4 KHz.

Female (Fig. 1D): Head slightly smaller than in male, without subocular depression. Tegmina shorter than male, just covering two thirds of abdomen, its apex narrowly rounded; medial area longitudinally bright. Subgenital plate convex, roundly triangular, its hind margin narrowly truncated. Ovipositor 1.5 times longer than hind femora.

Distribution. Korea, Japan, China, Vietnam, Sulawesi; North America (introduced).

Remarks. This burrowing cricket is the most widespread Velarifictorus in the Korean peninsula based on the distributional data, although its citing data are fewer than Velarifictorus aspersus. Its distributional ranges extend towards the north to Far Eastern Russia (Storozhenko, 2004), across North Korea (Kim and Puskas, 2012). The male actively singing between summer and autumn seasons, even where near human residence or city parks. It is also culturally well known as Chinese fighting crickets (Jin, 1994).

1*Velarifictorus (Velarifictorus) ornatus (Shiraki, 1911)

(Tables 1, 2, Figs. 1E, F, 2C, 3C, 4C, 5C)

Gryllus ornatus Shiraki, 1911: 52, Pl. 1, fig. 4A, B (type locality: “Formosa”=Taiwan); Velarifictorus ornatus: Yin and Liu, 1995: 62 (China); Ichikawa et al., 2000; 268 (Japan).

Material examined (38 specimens). Korea: Gyeonggi-do: 1♀, Gwangju-si, Gwangju-eup, 13 Jun 1992, Shin MJ; 1♂, Gunpo-si, Mt. Surisan, 19 Jun 2005, Kim TW; 1♀, Yonginsi, Giheung, 31 May 2003, Choi JE; 1♀, Incheon-si, Ongjingun, Deokjeok-myeon, Seopo-ri, 14 Jun 1962, Na YJ; 1♀, Incheon-si, Juan-dong, 14 Jun 1969, Kim MR; 1♂, Namyangju- si, Mt. Cheonmasan, 14 Jun 1979, Kim TS; 2♀, Hwaseong- si, Jangan-myeon, Bangchukmal, 16 Jul 2009, Park YK; 2♀, Paju-si, Beopwon-eup, 6 Jul 2008, Kim TW; 1♂, Paju-si, Gwangtan-myeon, Bogwangsa Temple, 9 Jun 1979, Kim SH; Seoul: 1♀, Daebang-dong, 31 May 1963, Kim HJ; 1♀, Seongbuk-gu, Jeongneung, 21 Jun 1959, Kim YI; 1♂, ibid. 13 Jun 1959, Lee SA; 1♀, Sinchon, 26 May 1965, Shin SJ; 1♂, Eunpyeng-gu, Bulgwang-dong, 28 Jun 1960, Hong HJ; Chungcheongnam-do: 2♂3♀, Seosan-si, Haemi-myeon, Hanseo University Campus, Mt. Gayasan, 22 Jun 2001, Kim TW; Gyeongsangbuk-do: 1♂, Sangju-si, 23 Jun 2000, Park JK; Gyeongsangnam-do: 1♀ (light trap), Goseong-gun, Sangri- myeon, Yongtae-ri, Mt. Sanseongsan, 10-11 Aug 1996, Jeon JS; 1♂1♀, Hadong-gun, Hwagae-myeon, Mt. Jirisan, Ssanggyesa Temple, 31 Jun 2001, Kim TW; 2♀, Geoje-si, Yeoncho-myeon, Songjeong-ri, 11 Jun 2009, Kim TW; 1♀ (sweeping), Yangsan-si, Mt. Wonhyosan, 28 Aug 2002, Do YH; Jeollanam-do: 3♂, Wando-gun, Wando-eup, Wando Tower, 1 Jul 2010, Kim TW; 1♂, ibid. 19 Jul 2012, Kim TW; 2♂1♀, Wando-gun, Cheongsan-myeon, Yeoseo-ri, 20 Jul 2012, Kim TW; 1♀, Gokseong-gun, 7 Jul 1999, Paik YH; 1♂, Haenam-gun, Munnae-myeon, Jindo Bridge, 16 Jun 2011, Sung KS; 1♂, Jindo-gun, Dongoe-ri, Mt. Suribong, N34°28′37.8′′, E126° 18′04.1′′, alt. 183 m, 29 Jun 2004, Sohn JC, Park HJ, Nam SC, Han YE.

Description. Male (Fig. 1E): Head globular, slightly wider than anterior margin of pronotum; vertex and frons roundly merging; occiput with six pale longitudinal strips posteriorly; a transverse strip absent between lateral ocelli, diminished to feeble ecdysial line, thurs hardly distinguished; median ocellus located between inner upper margins of antennal socket, linked with short bright line downwardly; subocular area indistinctly furrowed; mandibles vertical; clypeal suture transverse lower than mid in head; scape as long as wide; palpi bright. Pronotum as long as fore femur, two times wider than long in dorsal view, with a pair of dorsal crescent patterns; anterior and posterior margins truncated, pilose; lateral lobe of pronotum as deep as pronotal length, lower half area bright. Tegmina (Fig. 3C) as wide as hind margin of pronotum, not reaching abdominal end; harp veins two; chordal veins three; mirror area divided, as long as wide; apical area well netted, as long as two thirds of mirror area; lateral field deeper than lateral lobe of pronotum, with 5-6 longitudinal veins. Fore tibia with largely oval-shaped outer tympanum, its length three times longer than wide; inner tympanum vestigial, not discernable. Hind femur 2.7 times longer than middle femur. Hind tibia with five pairs of large dorsal spines on both sides, the largest inner apical spur as long as a half of basitarsus. Hind barsitarsus 1.7 times longer than remaining two tarsomeres combined length; 5-6 dorsal spinules on both sides, inner apical spur as long as two thirds of last tarsomere. Cercus as long as thee fifths of hind femur. Subgenital plate as long as half of basal width, its hind margin weakly notched in mid.

Genitalia (Fig. 4C): Epiphallus with relatively small and short median lobe, its hind margin transversely truncated, trapezoidal; lateral lobes longer than middle lobe, with long hairs. Ectoparamere slightly projected beyond hind margin of epiphallus, its basal portion rather thickly elongated, but its distal portion sharply pointed and abruptly incurved at apex.

Calling sound (Fig. 5C): Slowly and regularly repeated song phrase; one chirp for one second, but their intervals sometimes irregularly ceased, depending on outer conditions; a chirp lasted 0.45-0.5 s with 46-54 dense syllables, whereas interlude between the chirps taken 0.5-0.55 s at 28° condition; dominant frequency spectrum 4.3-6.2 KHz.

Female (Fig. 1F): Head size similar to male, but tegmina shorter than male, just covering less than half of dorsal abdomen, its apex roundly truncated. Subgenital plate convex, roundly trapezoidal, its hind margin narrowly truncated. Ovipositor as long as hind femora.

Distribution. Korea (new record), Japan, China, Taiwan.

Remarks. This burrowing cricket overwinters as nymphal stages. Calling sounds of the adult can be heard seasonally more earlier than the other Velarifictorus between late May and mid August (Table 1).

Genus Lepidogryllus Otte and Alexander, 1983

Type species: Gryllus parvulus Walker, 1869 (type locality: South Australia).

Diagnosis. Body coloration dark brown, legs brighter than body, mottled with speckles. Sexual dimorphism not more remarkable than Velarifictorus: head globose in both sexes, as wide as frontal margin of pronotum, frontal rostrum slightly projecting, mandibles normal. Head with white transverse strip between lateral ocelli. Tegmina fully winged in both sexes, hind wings largely surpassing tegmina, sometimes absent (autotomy). Interspace between the antennal sockets wider than width of themselves, clypeal suture transverse. Fore tibia with large outer and small inner tympana. Male epiphallus wide U-shaped, with a pair of prominent lateral lobes, but without median lobe.

1*Lepidogryllus siamensis (Chopard, 1961) com. & stat. nov. (Tables 1, 2, Figs. 1G, H, 2D, 3D, 4D, 5D)

Modicogryllus siamensis Chopard, 1961: 280, Pl. 7 (type locality: “Siam”=Thailand); Paik et al., 2010: 77; Paek et al., 2010: 34; Kim, 2011: 49.

Scapsipedus parvus nec Chopard, 1928: 18 (type locality: India); Scapsipedus parves [!]: Choo and Choi, 1983: 49; Velarifictorus parvus: Kwon and Huh, 1994: 50; Kwon et al., 1996: 104.

Material examined (58 specimens). Korea: Chungcheongbuk- do: 1♀ (light trap), Danyang-si, 14-15 Jun 1993, Anonym; Gyeongsangbuk-do: 1♀, Uljin-gun, Sokwang-ri, 1 Aug 1999, Ku DS; Gyeongsangnam-do: 1♀, Sacheon-si, Chukdong- myeon, Baechun-ri, 13 Sep 2001, Paik YH; 1♂ (light trap), Sacheon-si, Waryong-dong, Mt. Waryongsan, Cheongryongsa 11-12 Aug 1999, Sohn JH; 1♂1♀, Jinju-si, Yugok- dong, Nabul-ri, 16 Aug 2012, Kim TW, Kim OS; 3♂ 1♀ (light trap), Jinju-si, Jinseong-myeon, Gajin-ri, Mt. Wolyasan, 13-14 Aug 1999, Park JS et al.; 1♀ (light trap), Goseong- gun, Sanri-myeon, Dongsan-ri, Hyangnobong, 17-18 Aug 1998, Park JS; 2♀ (light trap), Goseong-gun, Sangrimyeon, Osan-ri, Mt. Odusan, 19-20 Aug 1998, Park JS; 2♀, Goseong-gun, Hail-myeon, Deokho-ri, Seoksan, 20-21 Aug 1998, Jeon JS, Kim SY; 4♀ (light trap), Goseong-gun, Hailmyeon, Yongtae-ri, Mt. Sanseongsan, 18-19 Aug 1998, Park JS; 2♂2♀ (light trap), Masan-si, Happo-gu, Jinjeon-myeon, Yeoyang-ri, Osilgol, Mt. Yeohangsan, 11-12 Sep 1999, Park JS; 2♀, Namhae-gun, Bonghwa-ri, Hwacheoncheon, 27-28 Aug 1998, An DH, Sohn JH; 2♂2♀ (light trap), Hapcheongun, Gaya-myeon, Jukjeon-ri, Mt. Gayasan, 19-20 Aug 1999, Park JS; 1♀ (light trap), Hadong-gun, Geumseo-myeon, Galsa-ri, 6-7 Aug 1997, Jeon JS; 1♀ (light trap), Hapcheongun, Bongsan-myeon, Bonggye-ri, Mt. Mangilsan, 22-23 Aug 1998, An TH; 1♀ (light trap), Jinyang, 26-30 Aug 1992, Anonym; 2♂, Geoje-si, Yeoncho-myeon, Songjeong-ri, 11 Jun 2009, Kim TW; Jeollabuk-do: 1♀ (light trap), Muju-gun, 21-25 Aug 1992, Anonym; 1♀ (light trap), Buan-gun, Byeonsanbando, 25 Jun 1991, Ku HJ; Jeollanam-do: 2♂, Suncheon-si, Pungdeok-dong, Dongcheon, 3 Sep 2005, Kim TW; 1♀, Gwangyang-si, Mt. Baekwunsan, 12 Aug 1994, Choi HS; 1♀, ibid. 5 Aug 1990, An SB; 1♀, Gwangju-si, Mt. Mudeungsan, 21 May 1998, Oh KO; 1♀, Hampyeonggun, Gigak-ri, 2 Sep 2000, Park WS; 1♀ (light trap), Yeongam- gun, 21-25 Jun 1991, Anonym; 1♀, Mokpo-si, Mt. Yudalsan, 14 Aug 1992, Oh SH; 1♂3♀ (light trap), Yeonggwang- gun, Isl. Anmado, 19 Aug 1989, Kim JI, Lee OJ; 5♂, Wando-gun, Wando-eup, 1 Jul 2010, Kim TW; 2♂, ibid. 15 Jun 2011, Sung KS; Jeju-do: 2♂, Seoguipo-si, Dongheungdong, Jeongbang-pokpo, 9 Jul 2002, Kim TW; 1♀, Namjejugun, Andeok-myeon, Gamsan-ri, Andeokgyegok, 13 Aug 2004, Kim JK, Kim TW.

Description. Male (Fig. 1G): Head shining black; frons vertical; occiput with six longitudinal pale strips posteriorly; a bright strip transverse between lateral ocelli; interocular distance three times wider than horizontal diameter of eye in dorsal view; narrowest distance between antennal sockets 1.5 times wider than horizontal diameter of antennal socket; median ocellus transversely elliptical, located in dorsum of fastigium of vertex with a pale longitudinal line linked below to clypeal suture; clypeal suture transverse three fifths of head, weakly upraised in mid; scape as long as wide; palpi bright. Pronotum as long as head, two times wider than long in dorsal view; anterior and posterior margins pilose, truncated; dorsal surface brownish, mottled; lateral lobe of pronotum a little deeper than pronotal length, anterior lower margin more bright. Tegmina (Fig. 3D) as wide as hind margin of pronotum, hardly reaching abdominal end; harp veins two or three; chordal veins three; mirror area divided, 1.2 times longer than wide; apical area well netted, 1.2 times longer than mirror area; lateral field a little deeper than lateral lobe of pronotum, with 5-6 longitudinal veins. Fore tibia with largely oval-shaped outer tympanum, its length three times longer than wide; inner tympanum small and rounded, 1.2 times longer than wide. Hind femur 2.7 times longer than middle femur. Hind tibia with 5-6 pairs of large dorsal spines on both sides, the largest inner apical spur as long as a half of basitarsus. Hind basitarsus 1.7 times longer than remaining two tarsomeres combined length; 5-7 dorsal spinules on both sides; inner apical spur as long as a half of last tarsomere. Cercus as long as two thirds of hind femur. Subgenital plate shortly conical, its hind margin truncated, deeply notched in mid.

Genitalia (Fig. 4D): Epiphallus with narrow central bridge, its width wider than the length of lateral lobes; median lobe absent; inner and hind margin with a lot of hairs. Ectoparamere slightly surpassing lateral lobe of epiphallus, divided into two triangular projections at apex, which are almost subequal in width, strongly and shortly incurved forming forked terminal.

Calling sound (Fig. 5D): Short and quick song phrase; buzzy chirps regularly repeated 4-5 times for one second; a chirp with undulating 11-12 syllables at 28℃ condition; dominant frequency spectrum 5.8-7.3 KHz.

Female (Fig. 1H): Head with more round frons, mouth parts shorter than in male; interocular distance four times wider than horizontal diameter of an eye. Cercus slightly shorter than ovipositor. Subegenital plate roundly triangular, its hind margin weakly notched. Ovipositor straight needle-shaped, as long as hind femur; apex sharply pointed, subapically dilated, without serration.

Distribution. Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, India (Oriental Region); Hawaii (introduced). China possibly included in this wide distributional ranges of this cricket, pursuing after records of Modicogryllus confirmatus. Ingrisch (1998) reviewed that Modicogryllus confirmatus is only restricted in Sri Lanka (endemic), outside records of that country are actually misidentifications of Modicogryllus siamensis.

Remarks. This cricket overwinters as nymphal stages in southern localities. Calling sounds of adult can be heard from May. Their sounds mixed with the ones of Velarifictorus ornatus in harmony, but seasonally lasting more continuously than Velarifictorus ornatus to late August due to its bivoltinism (Table 1).

Key to the Species of Velarifictorus and Lepidogryllus from Korea

1. Fore tibia with large outer and small inner tympana. Male tegmina narrower and elongate, its apical area distinctly longer than mirror area; female tegmina as long male tegmina ？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？ Lepidogryllus siamensis

- Fore tibia with only outer tympanum. Male tegmina wider and relatively short, its apical area shorter than or as long as mirror area; female tegmina distinctly shorter than male tegmina ？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？ 2

2. Male with elongate mandibles, longer than upper half of head, thus clypeal suture transverse upper than mid in frontal view; ovipositor shorter than hind femur ？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？ Velarifictorus aspersus borealis

- Male with moderate or normal mandibles, shorter than upper half of head, thus clypeal suture transverse lower than mid in frontal view; ovipositor longer than hind femur ？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？ 3

3. Head with bright ∧-shaped strip running transversely between lateral ocelli ？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？ Velarifictorus micado

- Head without distinct transverse strip between lateral ocelli, that reduced to ecdysial feeble line ？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？ Velarifictorus ornatus

Korean name: 1*탈귀뚜라미

Korean name: 1*극동귀뚜라미

Korean name: 1*봄여름귀뚜라미(신칭)

Korean name: 1*샴귀뚜라미(신칭)