검색 전체 메뉴
PDF
맨 위로
OA 학술지
The Novel Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptide from Rainbow Trout Muscle Hydrolysate
  • 비영리 CC BY-NC
  • 비영리 CC BY-NC
ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was the purification and characterization of an angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide purified from enzymatic hydrolysates of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss muscle. After removal of lipid, the approximate composition analysis of the rainbow trout revealed 24.4%, 1.7%, and 68.3% for protein, lipid, and moisture, respectively. Among six hydrolysates, the peptic hydrolysate exhibited the highest ACE inhibitory activity. We attempted to purify ACE inhibitory peptides from peptic hydrolysate using high performance liquid chromatography on an ODS column. The IC50 value of purified ACE inhibitory peptide was 63.9 μM. The amino acid sequence of the peptide was identified as Lys-Val-Asn-Gly-Pro-Ala-Met-Ser- Pro-Asn-Ala-Asn, with a molecular weight of 1,220 Da, and the Lineweaver-Burk plots suggested that they act as a competitive inhibitor against ACE. Our study suggested that novel ACE inhibitory peptides purified from rainbow trout muscle protein may be beneficial as anti-hypertension compounds in functional foods.


KEYWORD
Angiotensin I converting enzyme , Rainbow trout muscle , Pepsin , Hydrolysates
  • Introduction

    Hypertension is a worldwide problem of epidemic proportions that affects 15-20% of all adults. Its treatment is one of the major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and the end stage of renal disease (Zhang et al., 2006). Among the processes associated with hypertension, angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. In the rennin-angiotensin system, ACE (peptidyl dipeptidase, EC 3.4.15.1) acts on decapeptide angiotensin I (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro- Phe-His-Leu) to hydrolyze His-Leu from its C-terminal and produces the potent vasopressor octapeptide angiotensin II (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe). While in the kinin-kallikrein system, ACE inactivates the vasodilator bradykinin (Bougatef et al., 2010).

    Many synthetic ACE inhibitors including Captopril, Enalapril, and Lisinopril among others are available for clinical use, however some undesirable side effects may occur such as cough, loss of taste, renal impairment and angioneurotic oedema (Brown and Vaughan, 1998). In the past there has been a trend toward the development of natural ACE inhibitors isolated from various organism proteins (Fujita et al., 2000; Pihlanto-Leppala et al., 2000). As a result of this research, various ACE inhibitory peptides through enzymatic hydrolysis have been isolated from marine organisms, including the skate skin (Lee et al., 2011), seaweed pipefish (Wijesekara et al., 2011), brownstripe red snapper (Khantaphant et al., 2011), tuna back bone (Lee et al., 2010), and sea cucumber (Zhao et al., 2007). Enzymatic hydrolysate showed several advantages when added to foods, such as improving water-binding ability, heat stability of myo?brillar protein, emulsifying stability, solubility of protein, and the nutritional quality of foods. Moreover, enzymatic hydrolysis has become a valuable tool for modifying the functionality of proteins (Korhonen et al., 1998). During hydrolysis, hydrophobicity of the amino-acid side chains is normally due to relatively small peptides, with molecular weights between 1,000 and 6,000 Da. Therefore, enzymatic hydrolysis was established as a source of bioactive peptides, which are short peptides released from food proteins by hydrolysis and have certain biological activities that may be beneficial for the organism (Je et al., 2005 a). Bioactive peptides usually contain 3-20 amino acid residues per molecule and are inactive within the sequence of the parent protein molecule. Moreover, bioactive peptides can be liberated by gastrointestinal digestion through proteolytic enzymes or during the fermentation process (Korhonen and Pihlanto, 2006).

    The rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was most representative species on freshwater fish cultivation, and is a traditional food that is a good source of calcium, essential amino acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and vitamins (Jang et al., 1998). In a previous study, physiological and molecular approaches were used to investigate the existence of an intrarenal rennin angiotensin system in rainbow trout (Brown et al., 2000). Several studies have examined the bioactivities of rainbow trout, such as its antioxidant (Li et al., 2010) as well as anti-inflammatory (Schwaiger et al., 2004) and antimicrobial (Fernandes et al., 2002) activities. However, studies on the bioactivity peptide of rainbow trout muscle hydrolysates have not reported. The purpose of this study was to isolate ACE inhibitory peptides from rainbow trout muscle hydrolysates and establish the purified peptide with regards to the ACE inhibitory activity. Moreover, we also revealed the inhibition pattern of the isolated peptide on ACE.

    Materials and Methods

      >  Materials

    The bones and viscera were removed from the rainbow trout and separated muscle was stored at -80℃ until used. Rainbow trout muscle lipid was removed using an organic solvent (n-hexane:ethanol = 1:2). ACE (from rabbit lung), hippuryl L-Histidyl-L-histidyl-L-Leucine, and various commercial enzymes, such as α-chymotrypsin, papain, pepsin and trypsin were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) Alcalase and Neutrase were purchased from Novo Co. (Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark). All other reagents used in this study were reagent grade chemicals.

      >  Analysis of approximate compositions

    Crude protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method using an Auto Kjeldahl system (B-324/435/412; Buchi, Flawil, Switzerland). Crude lipid content was determined by the ether extraction method. Moisture content was determined by oven drying at 105℃ for 24 h. Ash content was determined by a muffler furnace at 550℃ for 4 h (Association of Official Analytical Chemist, 2000). Amino acids were analyzed using an automatic analyzer (835-50; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) with a C18 column (5 μm, 4.6 × 250 mm; Waters, Massachusetts, MA, USA). The reaction was carried out at 38℃, with the detection wavelength at 254 nm and a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. All chemical analyses (from each tank) were carried out in triplicate.

      >  Preparation of rainbow trout muscle hydrolysate

    For the production of ACE inhibitory activity peptide from rainbow trout muscle protein, enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using various commercial enzymes (Alcalase, α-chymotrypsin, Neutrase, papain, pepsin, and trypsin) at an enzyme/substrate ratio of 1/100 (w/w) for 6 h, under optimum pH and temperature conditions (Table 1). After the reaction, reactant was conducted by glass filter. Degree of hydrolysis (DH) was determined by measuring the soluble nitrogen content in 10% trichloroacetic acid as followed by Kim et al. (1990), and lyophilized hydrolysates were stored at -80℃ until use.

      >  Determination of ACE inhibitory activity

    The ACE inhibition activity was measured using HHL as the substrate, according to Cushman and Cheung (1971) with slight modification. A 50 μL rainbow trout muscle hydrolysate solution with 50 μL of ACE solution (25 mU/mL) was pre-incubated at 37℃ for 10 min, and the mixture was subsequently incubated with 100 μL of substrate (50 mM HHL in 50 mM sodium borate buffer) for 60 min at the same temperature. The reaction was terminated with the addition of 250 μL of 1 N HCl. The resulting hippuric acid was extracted with 500 μL of ethylacetate. After centrifugation (5,000 rpm, 10 min), 200 μL of the top layer (ethyl acetate layer) was transferred into a glass test tube and dried at -80℃ for 1 h. The hippuric acid was dissolved in 500 μL of distilled water, and the absorbance

    [Table 1.] Optimal conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis for various enzymes

    label

    Optimal conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis for various enzymes

    measured at 228 nm using a UV-spectrophotometer (V-550; Jasco, Tokyo, Japan). The ACE inhibitory activity was calculated as follows:

    image

    where Ec is the absorbance with enzyme-substrate without the sample, Es is the absorbance with enzyme-substrate and the sample, and Eb is the absorbance with enzyme and the sample without substrate. The IC50 value was defined as the concentration of inhibitor required to inhibit 50% of ACE inhibitory activity.

      >  Purification of ACE inhibitory peptide

    The ACE inhibitory fraction was dissolved in distilled water and separated using a preparative column (Grom-sil 120 ODS-5 ST, 5 μm, 10 × 250 mm) by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), with a linear gradient of acetonitrile (0-35% v/v, 30 min) containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The purified fractions from preparative column were monitored at 280 nm and purified by RP-HPLC on a C18 analytical column (5 μm 4.6 × 250 mm) using an acetonitrile gradient of 0-30% (v/v) at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min for 40 min. Finally, the fraction with the ACE inhibitory activity was collected and lyophilized; this was followed by the identification of the amino acid sequence.

      >  Identification of the purified peptide

    The molecular weight and amino acid sequence of the purified peptide from rainbow trout muscle was determined using a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer (Micromass, Altrincham, UK) coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) source. The purified peptide dissolved in methanol/ water (1:1, v/v) was infused into the ESI source and the molecular weight was determined by doubly charged (M + 2H)2+ state analysis in the mass spectrum. Following the molecular weight determination, the peptide was automatically selected for fragmentation and sequence information was obtained by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis.

      >  Determination of ACE inhibition pattern

    ACE inhibitor was added to each reaction mixture according to Bush et al. (1984) with some modifications. The enzyme activity was measured with different concentrations of the substrate. The kinetics of ACE in the presence of the inhibitor was determined by Lineweaver-Burk plots.

    Results and Discussion

      >  Proximate composition of rainbow trout muscle

    The proximate analysis of the rainbow trout muscle is shown in Table 2. The protein content was 20.31%, while the lipid and moisture contents were 6.22% and 71.16%, respectively. Gokoglu et al. (2004) reported that the approximate compositions of rainbow trout raw were 73.40% moisture, 19.85% protein, 3.41% lipid, and 1.46% ash. In comparison with our study, the protein content was similar. After removal of lipid, the protein content increased by 24.44% and through enzymatic hydrolysis was considered valuable enough to use by industry standards. The most abundant amino acids in rainbow trout muscle were glycine, lysine, aspartic acid and leucine which accounted for 10.63%, 12.14%, 11.66%, and 11.10%, respectively (Table 3). Hong et al. (2008) reported

    [Table 2.] Comparison of proximate composition of muscle and defatted muscle from rainbow trout

    label

    Comparison of proximate composition of muscle and defatted muscle from rainbow trout

    [Table 3.] Amino acid contents of rainbow trout muscle

    label

    Amino acid contents of rainbow trout muscle

    that many ACE inhibitory peptides contained glycine, leucine, proline, tyrosine and phenylalanine indicating that rainbow trout muscle may have ACE inhibitory peptides and exhibit potential antihypertensive activity.

      >  ACE inhibitory activity of hydrolysates

    The rainbow trout muscle protein hydrolysates were prepared by hydrolysis using commercial proteases including Alcalase, α-chymotrypsin, Neutrase, papain, pepsin, and trypsin. The extent of protein degradation by enzymatic hydrolysates was estimated by evaluating the DH. Analysis revealed that DH by pepsin, α-chymotrypsin and trypsin were 49.12%, 30.52%, and 28.75%, respectively (Fig. 1). Peptides from six hydrolysates were evaluated for their ACE inhibitory activities by IC50 value (mg/mL). As shown in Fig. 2, ACE inhibitory activity of extracts produced by various enzymes, pepsin, trypsin and α-chymotrypsin were 0.61, 1.09, and 1.51 mg/mL, respectively. Among the various enzymatic hydrolysates, the peptic hydrolysate had exhibited the highestitory activity. The IC50 value was lower than reported for shrimp (3.37 mg/mL) but higher than reported for Alaska pollack protein hydrolysates (0.21 mg/mL), sardine (0.01 mg/mL) and sea bream (0.57 mg/mL) (Wijesekara and Kim, 2010). Previous report (Simpson, 2000) have shown that pepsin is one of the major fish digestive proteolytic enzymes, commonly used for industrial application. Generally, pepsin is secreted from gastric mucosa in the stomach and had preferential specificity for the aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Pepsin is an endopeptidase with broad specificity produced in the mucosal lining of the stomach and degrades proteins. Pepsin is one of three principal protein-degrading, or proteolytic, enzymes in the digestive system, the other two being chymotrypsin and trypsin (Cooper et al., 1990). Recent advances in biotechnology have proved the ability of enzymes to produce novel food products, modified food composition, or improved waste processing (Lee et al., 2011). Our next step in analysis required the use of HPLC to purify theitory peptide from peptic hydrolysate of rainbow trout muscle.

      >  Purification of ACE inhibitory peptide

    To identify the ACE inhibitory peptides derived from rainbow trout muscle hydrolysate that had the highest ACE inhibitory activity, the peptides were separated by RP-HPLC using an ODS preparative column into five fractions (F1-F5) (Fig. 3). Sub-fraction F3 possessed the highest ACE inhibitory activity. Subsequently, fraction F3 was further separated by RPHPLC using the C18 analytical column. Finally, we purified two fractions (A and B) from rainbow trout muscle hydrolysate (Fig. 4). Fraction A showed the most potent ACE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 0.19 mg/mL.

      >  Amino acid sequence of purified ACE inhibitory peptide

    Fraction A was found to have the highest ACE inhibitory activity more than fraction B. Amino acids sequence of fraction A was identified using MS/MS and shown to be Lys-Val-Asn- Gly-Pro-Ala-Met-Ser-Pro-Asn-Ala-Asn with an ACE inhibitory IC50 value of 63.9 μM and 1,220 Da molecular weights (Fig. 5). In this study, the purified ACE inhibitory peptide was found to have a similar sequence compared to other reports, including the algae protein waste (Val-Glu-Cys-Tyr-Gly-Pro- Asn-Arg-Pro-Gln-Phe, IC50 = 29.6 μM) (Sheih et al., 2009) and sauce of fermented blue mussel (Glu-Val-Met-Ala-Gly- Asn-Leu-Try-Pro-Gly, IC50 = 2.9 μM) (Je et al., 2005b ) and porcine hemoglobin (Val-Val-Tyr-Pro-Trp, IC50 = 6.0 μM) (Yu et al., 2006). Our peptide had valine at the N-terminus which may be the reason our peptide yielded larger IC50 values. Regarding the relationship between structure and activity of ACE

    inhibiinhibitory peptides, Cheung et al. (1980) reported that those peptides with valine and isoleucine at the N-terminus showed highly potent inhibitory activity. It has been confirmed that functional peptides are dependent on amino acid sequence and structure (Elias et al., 2008). Thus, the sequencing and structure of peptides could be related to ACE inhibitory activity. For example, Val-Tyr-Ala-Pro (IC50 = 6.1 μM) exhibiting a potent antihypertensive peptide was derived from cuttlefish muscle protein hydrolysate (Balti et al., 2010). Similarly, other structure-activity correlation studies have indicated that ACE binding is strongly affected by the C-terminal tripeptide sequence of the substrate and that the tripeptide could interact with subsites S1, S’1, and S’2 of ACE (Pihlanto-Leppala, 2000). The amino sequencing, strongly affects potential ACE inhibition because of the inclusion of hydrophobic amino acid residues (aromatic or branched side chains) at the C-terminal (Cheung et al., 1980). Hydrophobic amino acid residues in the ACE inhibitor sequence are a critical factor in inhibitory activity (Li et al., 2004). Therefore, we concluded that the purified peptide exhibited low ACE inhibition activity due to nondistribution of hydrophobic amino acids at the C-terminal. ACE inhibitory peptide purified from rainbow trout muscle was composed of hydrophilic amino acids at the C-terminal with an IC50 of 63.9 μM. This IC50 value exhibited lower or similar activity compared to those of peptides derived from oyster protein (Val-Val-Tyr-Pro-Trp-Thr-Gln-Arg-Phe, IC50 = 66.0 μM) (Wang et al., 2008), however, it had a higher activity than those of peptides from the hydrolysate of skate skin (Pro- Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu?Thr-Gly-Pro, IC50 = 95.0 μM) (Lee et al., 2011). The hydrophilic amino acid residues in the peptide sequence could also affect inhibitory activity by disrupting the access of the peptide to the active site of ACE. In this study, Lys-Val-Asn-Gly-Pro-Ala-Met-Ser-Pro-Asn-Ala-Asn from rainbow trout muscle contained hydrophilic amino acid such as asparagine at the C-terminal peptide sequence, which may contribute to the ACE inhibitory activity we observed.

      >  ACE inhibition pattern of purified peptides

    The ACE inhibition pattern of the fraction A of the purified peptides was analyzed by the Lineweaver-Burk plot and was found to be competitive (Fig. 6). Thus, ACE inhibitor from rainbow trout muscle hydrolysate binds competitively with the substrate at the active site of ACE. Moreover, the ACE inhibitory peptide from oyster was also found to be competitive (Je et al., 2005 a) along with other types such as rotifer (Lee et al., 2009). Captopril has been reported to show competitive inhibition with the substrate for binding to active ACE site (Tsai et al., 2006). These competitive inhibitors are able to enter the ACE protein molecule, interact with the active sites and prevent substrate binding (Jiang et al., 2010). Enzymes catalyze reactions in physiological systems and in equilibrium, an enzyme binds a substrate to form an enzyme-substrate complex. Enzyme inhibition is a common goal for the pharmaceutical

    industry. All inhibitors cause the substrate to react at a lower rate than without the inhibitor (Lee et al., 2010). Although most reported peptide inhibitors of ACE acted as competitive inhibitors, a few have exhibited noncompetitivetype ACE inhibition (Tsai et al., 2006). The purified peptide in this study also exhibited an inhibition pattern of being able to bind to the active site. Based on the results of this study, it appears that novel ACE inhibitory peptide may be beneficial to the bioactivity of materials and functional foods related antihypertension. In this study, in order to improve the utilization of rainbow trout muscle, enzymatic hydrolysis was performed on ACE inhibitory peptides using various enzymes. The purified peptide from rainbow trout muscle was shown to exhibit potent ACE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 63.9 μM, and a molecular weight of 1,220 Da. The results of this study suggest that the ACE inhibitory peptide from rainbow trout muscle protein has the potential to be beneficial as a food additive or a pharmaceutical agent.

참고문헌
  • 1. 2000 Official Methods of Analysis. google
  • 2. Balti R, Nedjar-Arroume N, Bougatef A, Guillochon D, Nasri M 2010 Three novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) using digestive proteases. [Food Res Int] Vol.43 P.1136-1143 google
  • 3. Bougatef A, Balti R, Nedjar-Arroume N, Rovallec R, Adje EY, Souissi N, Lassoued I, Guillochon D, Nasri M 2010 Evaluation of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of smooth hound (Mustelus mustelus) muscle protein hydrolysates generated by gastrointestinal proteases: identification of the most potent active peptide. [Eur Food Res Technol] Vol.231 P.127-135 google
  • 4. Brown JA, Paley RK, Amer S, Aves SJ 2000 Evidence for an intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. [Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol] Vol.278 P.R1685-R1691 google
  • 5. Brown NJ, Vaughan DE 1998 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. [Circulation] Vol.97 P.1411-1420 google
  • 6. Bush K, Herny PR, Slusarchyk DS 1984 Muraceinsmuramyl peptides produced by Norcardia orientalis as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. [J Antibiot] Vol.37 P.330-335 google
  • 7. Cheung HS, Wang FL, Miguel AO, Emily FS, David WC 1980 Binding of peptide substrates and inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme. [J Biol Chem] Vol.255 P.401-407 google
  • 8. Cooper JB, Khan G, Taylor G, Tickle IJ, Blundell TL 1990 X-ray analyses of aspartic proteinases. II. Three-dimensional structure of the hexagonal crystal form of porcine pepsin at 2.3 A° resolution. [J Mol Biol] Vol.214 P.199-222 google
  • 9. Cushman DW, Cheung HS 1971 Spectrophotometric assay and properties of the angiotensin-coverting enzyme of rabbit lung. [Biochem Pharmacol] Vol.20 P.1637-1648 google
  • 10. Elias RJ, Kellerby SS, Decker EA 2008 Antioxidant activity of proteins and peptides. [Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr] Vol.48 P.430-441 google
  • 11. Fernandes JMO, Kemp GD, Molle MG, Smith VJ 2002 Anti-microbial properties of histone H2A from skin secretions of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. [Biochem J] Vol.368 P.611-620 google
  • 12. Fujita H, Yokoyama K, Yoshikawa M 2000 Classification and antihypertensive activity of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from food proteins. [J Food Sci] Vol.65 P.564-569 google
  • 13. Gokoglu N, Yerlikaya P, Cengiz E 2004 Effects of cooking methods on the proximate composition and mineral contents of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). [Food Chem] Vol.84 P.19-22 google
  • 14. Hong F, Ming L, Yi S, Zhanxia L, Yongguan W, Chi L 2008 The antihypertensive effect of peptides: a novel alternative to drugs? [Peptides] Vol.29 P.1062-1071 google
  • 15. Jang SI, Marsden MJ, Secombes CJ, Choi MS, Kim YG, Kim KJ, Chung HT 1998 Effect of glycyrrhizin on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss leukocyte responses. [J Korean Soc Microbiol] Vol.33 P.263-271 google
  • 16. Je JY, Park JY, Jung WK, Park PJ, Kim SK 2005a Isolation of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor from fermented oyster sauce, Crassostrea gigas. [Food Chem] Vol.90 P.809-814 google
  • 17. Je JY, Park PJ, Byun HG, Jung WK, Kim SK 2005b Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide derived from the sauce of fermented blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. [Bioresour Technol] Vol.96 P.1624-1629 google
  • 18. Jiang Z, Tian B, Brodkorb A, Huo G 2010 Production, analysis and in vivo evaluation of novel angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from bovine casein. [Food Chem] Vol.123 P.779-786 google
  • 19. Khantaphant S, Benjakul S, Ghomi MR 2011 The effects of pretreatments on antioxidative activities of protein hydrolysate from the muscle of brownstripe red snapper (Lutjanus vitta). [LWT Food Sci Technol] Vol.44 P.1139-1148 google
  • 20. Kim SY, Park PSW, Rhee KC 1990 Functional properties of proteolytic enzyme modified soy protein isolate. [J Agric Food Chem] Vol.38 P.651-656 google
  • 21. Korhonen H, Pihlanto A 2006 Bioactive peptides: production and functionality. [Int Dairy J] Vol.16 P.945-960 google
  • 22. Korhonen M, Pihlanto-Leppala A, Tupasela T 1998 Impact of processing on bioactive proteins and peptides. [Trends Food Sci Technol] Vol.9 P.307-319 google
  • 23. Lee JK, Hong S, Jeon JK, Kim SK, Byun HG 2009 Purification and characterization of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from the rotifer, Brachionus rotundiformis. [Bioresour Technol] Vol.100 P.5255-5259 google
  • 24. Lee JK, Lee MS, Park HG, Kim SK, Byun HG 2010 Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptide extracted from freshwater zooplankton. [J Med Food] Vol.13 P.357-363 google
  • 25. Lee JK, Jeon JK, Byun HG 2011 Effect of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptide purified from skate skin hydrolysate. [Food Chem] Vol.125 P.495-499 google
  • 26. Li ZH, Velisek J, Zlabek V, Grabic R, Machova J, Randak T 2010 Hepatic antioxidant status and hematological parameters in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, after chronic exposure to carbamazepine. [Chem Biol Interact] Vol.183 P.98-104 google
  • 27. Pihlanto-Leppala A 2000 Bioactive peptides derived from bovine whey proteins: opioid and ACE-inhibitory peptides. [Trends Food Sci Technol] Vol.11 P.347-356 google
  • 28. Pihlanto-Leppala A, Koskinen P, Piilola K, Tupasela T, Korhonen H 2000 Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory properties of whey protein digests: concentration and characterization of active peptides. [J Dairy Res] Vol.67 P.53-64 google
  • 29. Schwaiger J, Ferling H, Mallow U, Wintermayr H, Negele RD 2004 Toxic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. Part I. histopathological alterations and bioaccumulation in rainbow trout. [Aquat Toxicol] Vol.68 P.141-150 google
  • 30. Sheih IC, Fang TJ, Wu TK 2009 Isolation and characterisation of a novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide from the algae protein waste. [Food Chem] Vol.115 P.279-284 google
  • 31. Simpson BK, Haard NF, Simpson BK 2000 Digestive proteinases from marine animals. In: Seafood Enzymes: Utilization and Influence on Postharvest Seafood Quality. P.531-540 google
  • 32. Tsai JS, Lin TC, Chen JL, Pan BS 2006 The inhibitory effects of freshwater clam (corbicula fluminea, Muller) muscle protein hydrolysates on angiotensin I converting enzyme. [Process Biochem] Vol.41 P.2276-2281 google
  • 33. Wang J, Hu J, Cui J, Bai X, Du Y, Miyaguchi Y, Lin B 2008 Purification and identification of a ACE inhibitory peptide from oyster proteins hydrolysate and the antihypertensive effect of hydrolysate in spontaneously hypertensive rats. [Food Chem] Vol.111 P.302-308 google
  • 34. Wijesekara I, Kim SK 2010 Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors from marine resources: prospects in the pharmaceutical industry. [Mar Drugs] Vol.8 P.1080-1093 google
  • 35. Wijesekara I, Qian ZJ, Ryu BM, Ngo DH, Kim SK 2011 Purification and identification of antihypertensive peptides from seaweed pipefish (Syngnathus schlegeli) muscle protein hydrolysate. [Food Res Int] Vol.44 P.703-707 google
  • 36. Yu Y, Hu J, Miyaguchi Y, Bai X, Du Y, Lin B 2006 Isolation and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from porcine hemoglobin. [Peptides] Vol.27 P.2950-2956 google
  • 37. Zhang Y, Lee ET, Devereux RB, Yeh J, Best LG, Fabsitz RR, Howard BV 2006 Prehypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease risk in a population-based sample: the strong heart study. [Hypertension] Vol.47 P.410-414 google
  • 38. Zhao Y, Li B, Liu Z, Dong S, Zhao X, Zeng M 2007 Antihypertensive effect and purification of an ACE inhibitory peptide from sea cucumber gelatin hydrolysate. [Process Biochem] Vol.42 P.1586-1591 google
이미지 / 테이블
  • [ Table 1. ]  Optimal conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis for various enzymes
    Optimal conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis for various enzymes
  • [ Table 2. ]  Comparison of proximate composition of muscle and defatted muscle from rainbow trout
    Comparison of proximate composition of muscle and defatted muscle from rainbow trout
  • [ Table 3. ]  Amino acid contents of rainbow trout muscle
    Amino acid contents of rainbow trout muscle
  • [ Fig. 1. ]  Degree of hydrolysis of enzymatic hydrolysates from rainbow trout muscle protein.
    Degree of hydrolysis of enzymatic hydrolysates from rainbow trout muscle protein.
  • [ Fig. 2. ]  IC50 values of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity of rainbow trout muscle hydrolysates obtained by various enzymes.
    IC50 values of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity of rainbow trout muscle hydrolysates obtained by various enzymes.
  • [ Fig. 3. ]  High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatogram of hydrolysates prepared with pepsin. Separation was performed with linear gradient of acetonitrile from 0% to 35% in 30 min at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. Elution was monitored at 280 nm (A). The fractions showing angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity was designated as F1-F5 on upper layer (B).
    High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatogram of hydrolysates prepared with pepsin. Separation was performed with linear gradient of acetonitrile from 0% to 35% in 30 min at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. Elution was monitored at 280 nm (A). The fractions showing angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity was designated as F1-F5 on upper layer (B).
  • [ Fig. 4. ]  High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatogram of potent angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory fraction A, B was isolated. Separation was performed with liner gradient of acetonitrile from 0% to 30% in 40 min at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. Elution was monitored at 280 nm (A). ACE inhibitory activity of each fraction (B).
    High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatogram of potent angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory fraction A, B was isolated. Separation was performed with liner gradient of acetonitrile from 0% to 30% in 40 min at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. Elution was monitored at 280 nm (A). ACE inhibitory activity of each fraction (B).
  • [ Fig. 5. ]  Identification of molecular mass and amino acid sequence of the purified peptides from rainbow trout muscle peptic hydrolysate by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments were performed on a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) tandem mass spectrometer equipped with a nano-electrospray ionization source.
    Identification of molecular mass and amino acid sequence of the purified peptides from rainbow trout muscle peptic hydrolysate by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments were performed on a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) tandem mass spectrometer equipped with a nano-electrospray ionization source.
  • [ Fig. 6. ]  Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibition pattern of purified peptide, estimated using Lineweaver-Burk plots.
    Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibition pattern of purified peptide, estimated using Lineweaver-Burk plots.
(우)06579 서울시 서초구 반포대로 201(반포동)
Tel. 02-537-6389 | Fax. 02-590-0571 | 문의 : oak2014@korea.kr
Copyright(c) National Library of Korea. All rights reserved.