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Study on Comparison of Atmospheric and Vacuum Environment of Thermally-Induced Vibration Using Vacuum Chamber
  • 비영리 CC BY-NC
  • 비영리 CC BY-NC
ABSTRACT

The present paper studies the thermally-induced vibration phenomenon of the flexible space boom structure. In order to simulate the thermally-induced vibration phenomenon of the flexible thin boom structure of the spacecraft with the attached tip mass in space, the thermally-induced vibration including thermal flutter is experimentally investigated at various thermal environments using a heating lamp in vacuum chamber. In this experimental study, fluctuating characteristics, natural frequency and thermal strains of the thermally-induced vibration are parametrically investigated at various thermal environment conditions. Finally the thermally-induced vibration of the flexible boom structure of the orbiting earth satellite in solar radiation environment from the earth eclipse region including umbra and penumbra is simulated using the power control of the heating lamp in the vacuum chamber.


KEYWORD
Vacuum chamber , Thermally-induced vibration , Natural frequency
  • Introduction

    Space environmental tests of orbiting earthsatellite at developmental stage, have become veryimportant because of variety of complex activities thesatellite needs to perform for precise target requirements.In space environment without gravity or with very smallgravity, it is desirable to have lightweight space craftstructure having high flexibility with low frequency anddamping characteristic. The thermally-induced bendingmoment of the flexible structure by sunlight heatingproduces initial thermal deflection, accompanied byfluctuating moment due to periodic changes of sunlightincidence angle, causing oscillation. Therefore thespacecraft structure can be vibrated due to this periodicchange of thermally-induced moment[1,2,3].

    If the frequency of the thermally-inducedvibration becomes the same as natural frequency, theresonance phenomenon appears. This resonancegives rise to various structural failure problems.Figure 1 shows a conceptual view of the mechanismof the thermally- induced vibration of the spacecraftstructure in space environment. Solar panels or boomstructures for global position measurement aregenerally thin and flexible. Many works of flexiblestructure have been studied[4,5,6]. The simplifiedthermal environment of a thin flexible tube boom issimulated for this study. Because thermalenvironment of the earth satellite is changed alongwith the flight path, the experimental tests simulatevarious thermal environmental conditions by acontrollable heating lamp in vacuum chamber.

    Design and Manufacturing of Experimental Test Equipment

      >  Vacuum environmental condition test system

    Figure 2 shows the thermally-induced vibratory simulation system of the flexible boom in atmospheric condition. Figure 3 shows the thermally-induced vibration simulation system of the flexible boom in vacuum condition which is to provide simulated space environments.

    The heating lamp capacity in vacuum chamber ismaximum 2.5 kW class at 480 V. The lamp is located at80mm apart from the boom, and radiation of the lampheats up the boom surface. The concentrated tip mass of50g is attached at the end of the boom. A strain gage,which is the 120 ohm-FLA-5-23-1L of Tokyo SokkiKenkyuju Co .is attached on the surface positioned at20mm from the fixed end of boom specimen[7,8].

    The specification of test specimen waspresented in Table 1. In order to protect the straingage from the direct heating, a protection cover isprovided shown as Figure 4. The x-directionalstrain is measured at 100 Hz using dynamic straindata recorder EDS-400A of KYOWA. Vacuum ismeasured by the VPRHS-OS-760 torr-4C sensor.The chamber is vacuumed to maximum 36 torrusing the 16VP-direct drive rotary vacuum pump(0.4kW, 4pole) of HITACHICO.

    In order to protect the 2.5kW heating lamp fromoverheating, the lamp is cooled by cold water, and theinternal surfaces of the vacuum chamber are paintedby special heat protection paint, QT604 (L)-1999(black color), to reduce the deflected light.Furthermore the sight window with two sheets of the19mm thickness strengthening glass is mounted on thevacuum chamber with supporting mounts and sealants.

    [Table 1.] Specification of test specimen

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    Specification of test specimen

    Thermal environmental conditions can beadjusted by various voltage changes such as 120V,240V and 440V, and variation of fluctuatingcharacteristic times is measured. After measuringvibratory fluctuating characteristics, heating isstopped just before the boom tip mass hits thelamp, and then the damping characteristics areinvestigated. Here fluctuating characteristic timedefines as the time between starting of oscillationand hitting to the lamp. Furthermore thermalenvironmental conditions are adjusted bycontrolling the lamp power. In order to keepaccuracy, three tests per condition are carried out.Natural frequencies are obtained experimental databy FFT analyzer using MATLAB program.

      >  Experimental results and discussion

    In both vacuum (36 torr) and atmospheric (753torr) conditions, natural frequencies, initial thermal strainsand vibratory fluctuating characteristic time of the boomare measured. The measuring results are compared atperiodic changes of thermal environmental conditions.Table 2 shows initial thermal strains at differentthermal environmental conditions with 625W, 1250Wand 2290W of lamp power in vacuum and atmosphere.As shown in the Table 2, the thermal strains at 625Wof lamp power are same in both vacuum andatmospheric conditions, but thermal strains in vacuumat higher lamp powers increase and the strains inatmosphere at higher lamp powers decrease inversely.It may be considered that the reduced temperaturedifference ratio between front and back surfaces byconvection in air reduces the thermally-inducedbending moment.

    [Table 2.] Initial thermal strains at different thermal environmental conditions in vacuum and atmosphere

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    Initial thermal strains at different thermal environmental conditions in vacuum and atmosphere

    [Table 3.] Vibration fluctuating characteristic at different thermal environmental conditions in vacuum and atmosphere

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    Vibration fluctuating characteristic at different thermal environmental conditions in vacuum and atmosphere

    Table 3shows vibration fluctuating characteristic times at different conditions with 3 lamp power cases in vacuum and atmosphere. Vibration fluctuating characteristic time at both vacuum and air decreases with increases of lamp power. However the fluctuating characteristic times in atmosphere are much faster than those in

    vacuum. It may be assumed that the second modenatural frequencies in air can accelerate rapidly thefluctuating characteristic phenomena. Figure 5, 6and 7 show experimental test results at differentthermal environmental conditions such as 625W,1250W and 2290W of lamp power in vacuum andatmosphere, which are previously explained atTable 2 and 3. As shown in figures, it is found thatthe overall thermally-induced vibration patterns atboth vacuum and atmospheric conditions areclearly different, however vibration fluctuatingcharacteristic patterns are almost same in spite ofdifferent lamp power conditions except for thefluctuating characteristic time.

    In this study, modal analysis of the thermally-induced vibration is performed by the finite element method. The FEM model uses 6481 shell elements with 50g tip mass and one end fixed boundary condition.[9] And a linear temperature distribution from front face (255℃) to back face (205℃) of the boom tube is assumed. Figure 8 and 9 show modal analysis results for the first and second flap modes and their natural frequencies.

    [Table 4.] Comparison between measured and predicted natural frequencies

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    Comparison between measured and predicted natural frequencies

    Table 4 shows natural frequencies of the thermallyinduced vibration of the boom at thermal environmental condition as 290W of lamp power in vacuum condition. Here experimental natural frequencies are obtained by FFT analyzer using measured thermal strains shown as Figure10. Table 4 shows that the analysis values are in good agreement with the measured values. And it was found that the thermal flutters in both vacuum and atmosphere have all the first flap mode shapes, but the flutter mode in air combines with the 2nd flapmode.

    In order to simulate the flight condition ofthe orbiting earth orbit satellite, thermalenvironmental conditions are generated with thelamp power control followed by the input voltagesetting sequence such as 0V-120V-440V-120V-0V-120V-440V-0V shown in Figure 11. Asshown in figures, when the thermal strainapproaches to maximum at 625W of the lamppower, then the lamp power increases to 2290W.

    After reaching to maximum strain at 2290W, thethermally-induced vibration is generated. However, ifthe lamp power decreases to 625W thermallyinducedvibration is diverged, but thermal strain isreduced. Through this simulated experimented tests, itwas confirmed that if the flexible boom structure of theorbiting earth satellite with the thermally-inducedvibration is reentered into solar radiation environment,then vibration is rapidly diverged and structural failureappears due to abrupt thermal deformation.

    In order to investigate the effect of the specimen length, thermally-induced vibration specimen tests with different lengths (i.e. 720mm, 715mm) at the same condition are performed. Figure 10 and 11 show that fluctuating characteristic time of the shorter specimen increases relatively to the longer specimen

    Conclusions

    In this study , the thermally-induced vibration including thermal flutter of the flexible boom with the concentrated tip mass wa experimentally investigated at various thermal environments in both vacuum and atmosphere. The fluctuating characteristic of the thermally-induced vibration in vacuum was relatively slower due to pure radiation heating, but it was relatively faster i n a tmos phere due to convective the rmal l y disturbance and the second mode natural frequency was additionally generated. Thermal strains were relatively larger in vacuum due to direct radiation heating on the boom surface, but they were relatively smaller in atmosphere due to partial thermal loss by heating surrounding atmosphere of boom surface. The first mode natural frequencies were constant at all thermal environments and both in vacuum and in atmosphere. Abrupt thermal environmental change of the flexible boom with residual thermal induced vibration can generate rapidly the thermal flutter. It means that if the flexible boom structure of the orbiting earth satellite with the residual thermally inducedvibration is reentered into solar radiationenvironment from the earth eclipse region includingumbra and penumbra, then the thermally inducedvibrationis rapidly diverged and therefore finallystructural failure can appear or the life time of thesatellite can be reduced due to energy consumptionfor vibration or position controls.

참고문헌
  • 1. Richard S. Foster 1998 Thermally Induced Vibrations of Spacecraft booms google
  • 2. John Johnston 1999 Thermally-Induced Dynamics of Spacecraft Structures google
  • 3. Thornton E. A, Paul D. B 1985 Thermal-Structural Analysis of Large Space Structures: An Assessment of Recent Advances [Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets] Vol.22 P.385-393 google cross ref
  • 4. Kraus H. P 1966 Thermally Induced Vibration of Thin Nonshallow Spherical Shell [AIAA Journal] Vol.4 google
  • 5. Jang Y. K, Lee D. H 1999 Design Engineering of Spacecraft System google
  • 6. Yoon I. S 2002 Study on Thermal Stability of Space Craft flexible Structure google
  • 7. Sumi S 1990 Thermally-Induced Bending Vibration of Thin-Walled Boom with Tip Mass - Analysis for the Experiments under Laboratory Conditions [Tech Report of KyushuUniv] Vol.63 google
  • 8. Kong C. D, Oh K. W, Sugiyama Y 2003 A Study on Thermally-Induced Vibration of Flexible Space Structures [KSAS] Vol.31 google
  • 9. 2005 ALGOR Tutorials google
이미지 / 테이블
  • [ Fig. 1. ]  Mechanism of thermally-induced vibration
    Mechanism of thermally-induced vibration
  • [ Fig. 2. ]  Data acquisition and control system ofthermally-induced vibration phenomena
    Data acquisition and control system ofthermally-induced vibration phenomena
  • [ Fig. 3. ]  Vacuum chamber for thermally-inducedvibration test (500 width x 600 depth x 1200length in mm)
    Vacuum chamber for thermally-inducedvibration test (500 width x 600 depth x 1200length in mm)
  • [ Table 1. ]  Specification of test specimen
    Specification of test specimen
  • [ Fig. 4. ]  Protection cover from direct heatingand fixing mount of boom
    Protection cover from direct heatingand fixing mount of boom
  • [ Table 2. ]  Initial thermal strains at different thermal environmental conditions in vacuum and atmosphere
    Initial thermal strains at different thermal environmental conditions in vacuum and atmosphere
  • [ Table 3. ]  Vibration fluctuating characteristic at different thermal environmental conditions in vacuum and atmosphere
    Vibration fluctuating characteristic at different thermal environmental conditions in vacuum and atmosphere
  • [ Fig. 5. ]  Variation of thermal strains measured at625W-120V lamp power in vacuum andatmospheric
    Variation of thermal strains measured at625W-120V lamp power in vacuum andatmospheric
  • [ Fig. 6. ]  Variation of thermal strains measured at1250W-240V lamp power in vacuum andatmosphere
    Variation of thermal strains measured at1250W-240V lamp power in vacuum andatmosphere
  • [ Fig. 7. ]  Variation of thermal strains measured at2290W-440V lamp power in vacuum andatmosphere
    Variation of thermal strains measured at2290W-440V lamp power in vacuum andatmosphere
  • [ Fig. 8. ]  First flap mode shape and natural frequency
    First flap mode shape and natural frequency
  • [ Fig. 9. ]  Second flap mode shape and natural frequency
    Second flap mode shape and natural frequency
  • [ Table 4. ]  Comparison between measured and predicted natural frequencies
    Comparison between measured and predicted natural frequencies
  • [ Fig. 10. ]  The result of FFT analysis
    The result of FFT analysis
  • [ Fig. 11. ]  Variation of thermal strains of the boom dueto periodic change of thermal environmentsin vacuum followed with 0V-120V-440V-120V-440V-0V (Specimen length: 715mm)
    Variation of thermal strains of the boom dueto periodic change of thermal environmentsin vacuum followed with 0V-120V-440V-120V-440V-0V (Specimen length: 715mm)
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