Propagation Properties of a Partially Coherent Flat-Topped Vortex Hollow Beam in Turbulent Atmosphere
- Author: Liu Dajun, Wang Yaochuan, Wang Guiqiu, Yin Hongming
- Publish: Journal of the Optical Society of Korea Volume 20, Issue1, p1~7, 25 Feb 2016
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ABSTRACT
Using coherence theory, the partially coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam is introduced. The analytical equation for propagation of a partially coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam in turbulent atmosphere is derived, using the extended Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral formula. The influence of coherence length, beam order
N , topological chargeM , and structure constant of the turbulent atmosphere on the average intensity of this beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere are analyzed using numerical examples.
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KEYWORD
Partially coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam , Atmospheric turbulence , Laser propagation
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Recently, much attention has been paid to the propagation properties of a laser beam in turbulent atmosphere [1]. It is found that the intensity and spreading of a laser beam are affected by atmospheric turbulence [2-8], and the laser beam with a vortex has been widely studied, due to its potential applications in free-space laser communication. In past years, Wang
et al. studied the focusing properties of a Gaussian Schell-model vortex beam in experiments [9]. Zhouet al. studied the partially coherent hollow vortex Gaussian beam through a paraxial ABCD optical system in turbulent atmosphere [10]. Wang and Qian studied the spectral properties of a random electromagnetic partially coherent flat-topped vortex beam in turbulent atmosphere, based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle [11]. Gu studied the transverse position of an optical vortex upon propagation through atmospheric turbulence [12]. Zhou and Ru studied the angular momentum density of a linearly polarized Lorentz-Gauss vortex beam [13]. Huanget al. studied the intensity distributions and spectral degree of polarization of partially coherent electromagnetic hyperbolic-sine-Gaussian vortex beams through non-Kolmogorov turbulence using numerical examples [14]. Wuet al. developed an expression for the wandering of random electromagnetic Gaussian-Schell model beams propagating in atmospheric turbulence, and studied the properties of the beams [15]. Recently, a new dark hollow beam called the partially coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam has been proposed, which has advantages over a flat-topped hollow beam, and which has potential applications in free-space wireless laser communication. However, to the best of our knowledge, the propagation properties of a partially coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam in turbulent atmosphere have not been reported.In this work, we first introduce the partially coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam based on the theory of coherence, and then investigate the its propagation properties in turbulent atmosphere.
II. PROPAGATION OF A PARTIALLY COHERENT FLAT-TOPPED VORTEX HOLLOW BEAM IN TURBULENT ATMOSPHERE
In the Cartesian coordinate system with the
z -axis set as the axis of propagation, a circular or elliptical flat-topped vortex hollow beam in the source plane can be described as [16]where
N is the order of the elliptical flat-topped vortex hollow beam,M is the topological charge,wx andwy are the beam width in thex andy directions respectively, and denotes the binomial coefficient.Based on the theory of coherence, a fully coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam can be extended to a partially coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam. The second-order correlation properties of an electromagnetic beam can be characterized by the cross-spectral density function introduced by Wolf [17],
where
g (x 1-x 2,y 1-y 2) is the spectral degree of coherence, assumed to have a Gaussian profile, andwhere
σ is the transverse coherence lengthSubstituting Eq. (1) into Eq. (2), the partially coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam can be written as
where
r 10 = (x 10,y 10) andr 20 = (x 20,y 20) are the position vectors at the source planez = 0.According to the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle, the spectral density of a laser beam propagating through turbulent atmosphere can be expressed as follows [1-9]:
where
k = 2π /λ is the wave number;ψ (x 0,y 0,x ,y ) is the solution to the Rytov method that represents the random part of the complex phase (the asterisk denoting complex conjugation), andr = (x ,y ) andr 0 = (x 0,y 0) are respectively the position vectors at the output planez and the input planez =0. The ensemble average in Eq. (5) can be expressed as [5]where
ρ 0 is the spherical-wave lateral coherence radius due to the turbulence, andwith is the constant of refraction index structure, which describes the turbulence strength.
Upon substituting Eq. (4) into Eq. (5), and recalling the integral formulas [18]
after tedious integral calculations, we can obtain
with
and
Eqs. (11)~(15) make up the main analytical expression for a partially coherent circular or elliptical flat-topped vortex beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere. Using the derived equations we can investigate the propagation and transformation of a partially coherent circular or elliptical flat-topped vortex hollow beam in turbulent atmosphere.
The degree of coherence of the laser beam is written as [19]
and the position of coherence vortices at the propagation L is expressed as [20]
where Re and Im are respectively the real and imaginary parts of
µ (r 1,r 2,z ).III. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES AND ANALYSIS
In this section we study the propagation properties of a partially coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam in turbulent atmosphere. In this work, the calculation parameters
λ andwx throughout the text are set to beλ = 1064nm (Nd:YAG laser) andwx = 20mm .Figures 1 and 2 show the normalized average intensity and corresponding contour graphs of, respectively, partially coherent circular and elliptical flat-topped vortex hollow beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere; the calculation parameters are ,
N =2,M =1,σ =10mm andwy = 40mm (Fig. 2). As can be seen from Figs. 1 and 2, a partially coherent circular or elliptical flat-topped vortex hollow beam can keep its original intensity pattern over a short propagation distance (Figs. 1(a) and 2(a)), and with increasing propagation distance either beam loses its initial dark, hollow centre, and the flat-topped vortex dark hollow beam evolves into a flat-topped beam (Figs. 1(b), 1(c), 2(b), and 2(c)). The partially coherent circular and elliptical flat-topped vortex hollow beams eventually evolve respectively into circular and elliptical Gaussian beams in the far field, due to the influence of the coherence length.Figure 3 shows the cross section (
y =0) of normalized average intensity for a partially coherent circular flat-topped vortex hollow beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere for various values of the coherence lengthσ , with ,N =2, andM =1. It can be seen from Fig. 3 that a partially coherent circular flat-topped vortex hollow beam spreads more rapidly than a fully coherent beam (σ =inf), with the initial coherence lengthσ decreasing during propagation;, and that a partially coherent beam with a small coherence length will evolve into a Gaussian beam faster than a beam with a large coherence length in the far field (Fig. 3(d)).Figure 4 presents the cross section (
y = 0) of normalized average intensity for a partially coherent circular flat-topped vortex hollow beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere for various values of , withσ =10mm ,N =2, andM =1. It can be seen that a beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere and free space can almost keep its initial dark hollow profile over a short distance (Figs. 4(a) and (b)), and with increasing propagation distance a partially coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam loses its initial dark hollow profile faster with increasing structure constant in the far field (Fig. 4(d)).Figure 5 depicts the cross section (
y =0) of the normalized average intensity for a partially coherent circular flat-topped vortex hollow beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere for different values ofM andN withσ =10 mm and . As can be seen, abeam with higher orderM (Figs. 5(a) and (b)) loses its initial dark hollow center more slowly, while a beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere with different ordersN has similar evolution properties with increasing propagation distance.Figure 6 presents the curves for Re
µ =0 and Imµ =0 for a partially coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere with ,σ =10mm ,N =2, andM =1, andr 2 = (10mm , 20mm ). From Fig. 6(a) it can be seen that the beam propagation at a distance ofz = 10m has a coherent vortex, and with increasing propagation distance the beam at a distance ofz = 500m has two coherent vortices. Thus a partially coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam will experience a change in its number of coherent vortices with increasing propagation distance in turbulent atmosphere.In this paper the partially coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam is introduced, and then the propagation Eq. for a partially coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam in turbulent atmosphere is derived. The average intensity of a beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere is examined using numerical examples. It is found that a partially coherent flat-topped vortex hollow beam will evolve into a Gaussian beam in the far field, and that a beam propagation in turbulent atmosphere with small coherence length or large structure constant will evolve into a Gaussian beam more rapidly. We also find that a beam with higher order
M loses its initial dark, hollow center more slowly, while beams of different orderN have similar evolution properties.-
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[FIG. 1.] Normalized average intensity of a partially coherent circular flat-topped vortex hollow beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere with , N =2, and M =1, wx = wy = 20 mm, and σ =10 mm. (a) z = 100 m, (b) z = 300 m, (c) z = 600 m, (d) z = 2000 m.
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[FIG. 2.] Normalized average intensity of a partially coherent elliptical flat-topped vortex hollow beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere with , N =2, and M =1, wx = 20 mm, wy = 40 mm, and σ =10 mm. (a) z = 100 m, (b) z = 300 m, (c) z = 600 m, (d) z = 2000 m.
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[FIG. 3.] Cross section (y=0) of the normalized average intensity for a partially coherent circular flat-topped vortex hollow beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere with , N =2, and M =1. (a) z = 100 m, (b) z = 300 m, (c) z = 600 m, (d) z = 2000 m.
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[FIG. 4.] Cross section (y=0) of the normalized average intensity for a partially coherent circular flat-topped vortex hollow beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere with σ =10 mm, N=2, and M=1. (a) z = 100 m, (b) z = 300 m, (c) z = 600 m, (d) z = 2000 m.
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[FIG. 5.] Cross section (y=0) of the normalized average intensity of a partially coherent circular flat-topped vortex hollow beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere for different M and N with σ =10 mm. (a) z = 100 m, (b) z = 1000 m, (c) z = 100 m, (d) z = 1000 m.
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[FIG. 6.] The curves for Re μ=0 and Im μ=0 for a partially coherent circular flat-topped vortex hollow beam propagating in turbulent atmosphere with σ =10 mm, N=2 and M=1. (a) z = 100 m, (b) z = 500 m.