Material Properties Characterization Based on Measurements of Reflection Coefficient and Bandwidth
- Author: Nguyen Phuong Minh, Chung Jae-Young
- Organization: Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea.; Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea.
- Publish: Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science Volume 14, Issue4, p382~386, Dec 2014
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ABSTRACT
The knowledge of substrate material properties is important in antenna design. We present a technique to accurately characterize the dielectric constant and loss tangent of an antenna substrate based on the measurements of antenna’s reflection coefficient and bandwidth. In this technique, an error function is formulated by combinations of the reflection coefficient and bandwidth of measured and simulated data, and then an optimization technique is used to efficiently search for the substrate properties that minimize the error function. The results show that the method is effective in retrieving the dielectric constant and loss tangent of the antenna substrate without the need of additional test fixtures as in conventional substrate characterization methods.
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KEYWORD
Antenna Substrate , Dielectric Constant , Loss Tangent , Material Characterization , Optimization
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It is important to know the substrate material parameters prior to designing an antenna, as the antenna figures of merit, such as the resonance frequency, bandwidth, efficiency, and physical size, are highly affected by its relative permittivity (
εr ) and loss tangent (tanδ ).Conventionally, the transmission-line (tx-line) method is often used to characterize material properties [1-3]. In this method, the scattering parameters (
S -parameters) are firstly measured along with a microstrip line printed over the substrate. Then, the material parameters are extracted using closed-form equations derived from the fundamental tx-line theory. In these equations,εr and tanδ are expressed in terms of theS -parameters under the assumption of ideal transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave mode propagation along the microstrip line. Thus, its accuracy can be significantly degraded by the higher order mode propagation. Furthermore, fabricating a separate txline can be regarded as a troublesome work if applications of the substrate under test are aimed for microstrip antennas.In this paper, we present a material characterization technique that can measure the substrate
εr and tanδ using an antenna as a test fixture, therefore, no additional tx-line structure is needed. Furthermore, instead of relying on restrictive closed-form equations, the material parameters are determined by comparing the measured reflection coefficient (S 11) and bandwidth (BW ) of the antenna to a set of full-wave simulation data. The latter is obtained by varyingεr and tanδ in the simulation model. In the meanwhile, an optimization tool called surrogate-based optimization (SBO) [4-6] is employed to efficiently search for the global minimum of an error function formulated by the measured and simulation data.In the following, effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by characterizing
εr and tanδ of a substrate for a rectangular patch antenna. Section II presents the overall characterization process including the simulation model and error functions. Section III discusses test results based on full-wave simulations and Section IV demonstrates the validity of the method by measurements.II. MATERIAL PROPERTY RETRIEVAL PROCESS
Changing
εr and tanδ of the substrate affects theS 11 andBW of the antenna. This leads to an inverse problem of determiningεr and tanδ from those antenna figures of merit. With the higherεr , for instance,S 11 at the antenna resonance frequency exhibits a sharper null due to the increase of stored energy inside the substrate (i.e., increase of the quality factor). On the other hand, theBW gets broader with the higher tanδ as more energy is dissipated inside the substrate. Fig. 1 shows the overall substrate characterization process. An antenna is fabricated on the substrate under interest, and then itsS 11 andBW are measured by a network analyzer. Concurrently, the same antenna is designed in a full-wave simulation tool, and a set ofS 11 andBW of the model is collected by varyingεr and tanδ of the substrate. These simulated data are compared with the measured data in the error function via SBO technique. More specifically, we use the MATLAB Surrogate Modeling (SUMO) toolbox from Ghent University, Belgium [7]. This toolbox creates a kriging model of the error functions calculated from all sample points, and offers efficient algorithm to search for theεr and tanδ minimizing the error function. Finally, the retrievedεr and tanδ correspond to the substrate properties of the measured antenna.It is crucial to have a proper error function to secure accuracy and computational efficiency during the SBO process. Four error functions are tested in this study. All of them are combinations of
S 11 andBW in the form of mean squared error (MSE) as the following:where |
S 11| and ∠S 11 are the magnitude and phase ofS 11. The parameters with and without ‘~’ on the top correspond to simulation and measurement data, respectively. Also,n is the number of frequency points anda is a scaling factor. The latter is necessary for MSE4 calculation to keep balance between two different parameters, namely |S 11| andBW . It is found thata = 20,000 guarantees the two parameters being in the same order, thus the optimization result is not more influenced by one of the parameters.We note that using
BW as one of the error function parameters is beneficial in collecting data compared to the antenna radiation efficiency often used in previous literatures [6]. For instance, the measurement of the radiation efficiency requires additional equipment set-ups, such as an anechoic chamber or Wheeler cap. On the other hand,BW can be conveniently measured by a network analyzer simultaneously with theS 11.In order to validate the proposed method, a simulation study was performed by considering simulated data of a reference antenna as the measured data in the above mentioned process. Fig. 2 illustrates the geometry of the reference antenna model. An inset-fed microstrip patch antenna is designed to resonate at 3 GHz with the parameters given in Table 1. The conductive patch and ground are homogeneous copper foils with the conductivity of σ = 5.8 × 107 S/m. The antenna substrate is the high frequency laminate RO4350B with
εr = 3.66 and tanδ = 0.0031. These values are expected to be retrieved at the end of the process.A set of antenna’s
S 11 andBW were collected using the same model but by varyingεr and tanδ of the substrate. Eleven sampled points were assigned in the range ofεr = (3.2, 4.2) and tanδ = (0.0001, 0.025), resulting in a total of 11 × 11 = 121 samples. For each sample, 101 numbers ofS 11 magnitude s and phase were collected throughout the test frequency range off = (1.5, 3.5) GHz. Besides,BW was collected with |S 11| < –6 dB criterion. It is worth noting that approximate values ofεr and tanδ of the material under test is needed to set the data collection range. If the range is too broad or the sampling points are too sparse, it can be time consuming to collect data and compute the optimization result.Fig. 3(a)–(d) show the optimization results (i.e. kringing models) after running the SBO process with the error function MSE1, 2, 3, and 4. It can be seen in Fig. 3(a) and (b) that the kriging models built from only |
S 11| and ∠S 11 of the antenna have the similar distribution. They have a clear valley along with theεr -axis but not with the tanδ -axis. This implies |S 11| and ∠S 11 are suitable antenna figures of merit to evaluate the substrate’sεr . However, they are not appropriate to evaluate tanδ due to lack of sensitivity.Fig. 3(c) shows the generated kriging model when only the
BW is used in the error function (i.e. MSE3). Opposite to the previous, a clear valley is exhibited along with the tanδ -axis, meaningBW is more sensitive to the change in tanδ thanεr .In regard to these observations, we can expect MSE4 formulated with both |
S 11| andBW is available to evaluate bothεr and tanδ . This is verified in Fig. 3(d). As can be seen, the unique global optimum is located at the junction ofεr = 3.631 and tanδ = 0.002 which are close to the given reference valuesεr = 3.66 and tanδ = 0.031. Table 2 summarizes the test results.The proposed method is then validated with a patch antenna fabricated on a known substrate, FR-4. The material properties provided by the manufacturer of the substrate are
εr = 4.4 and tanδ = 0.018. Fig. 4 is a picture of the fabricated antenna. It is fed by a coaxial probe and designed to resonate at 2.44 GHz. The antenna dimensions are given in Table 3.The antenna’s
S 11 andBW are measured by a network analyzer (Anritsu MS2038C) and then compared to a set of simulation data using the same process described in the previous section. The test frequency range wasf = (1.75, 3) GHz with the sampled interval of 10 MHz (i.e.,n = 126 frequency points). TheBW criterion was kept to be |S 11| < –6 dB.Table 4 presents a summary of the measurement results obtained from different error functions. Similar trends to the simulation results can be found. More specifically, MSE1 and MSE2 are more effective in measuring
εr , while MSE3 has better accuracy in measuring tanδ . Finally, MSE4 yields the best result ofεr = 4.445 and tanδ = 0.017, which offers a good agreement to the reference values from the substrate manufacturer.In this paper, we reported an antenna substrate properties characterization technique. Measured and simulated responses of the antenna,
S 11 andBW , were collected, and then processed in the SBO algorithm with a proper error function. Four different error functions were evaluated. The results showed that the error function formulated by bothS 11 andBW was capable of retrieving the substrateεr and tanδ with high accuracy. Compared to the ordinary substrate characterization method, this method allows the use of an antenna itself as a test fixture. Also, the resulting data is highly accurate since the SBO algorithm together with full-wave simulation data offers solutions of complicated nonlinear problems, which are not considered in closed-form equations used in conventional methods. This characterization technique is inherently narrow-band since a resonating antenna is used as a test fixture. In this context, it is not suitable to retrieve the permittivity spectrum over a broadband.-
[Fig. 1.] Flow chart of the substrate characterization process. BW = bandwidth, SBO = surrogate-based optimization.
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[Fig. 2.] Geometry of the antenna model.
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[Table 1] Dimensions of the antenna model
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[Fig. 3.] Optimized results based on (a) MSE1, (b) MSE2, (c) MSE3, and (d) MSE4. MSE = mean squared error.
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[Table 2.] Summary of simulation results
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[Fig. 4.] Fabricated antenna.
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[Table 3.] Dimensions of the fabricated antenna
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[Table 4.] Summary of measurement results