Chaoboridae, a family of Diptera, is commonly known as phantom midges. These are common midges with cosmopoli-tan distribution. Aquatic larvae of
Despite the important ecological role of
Species in Chaoboridae have never known to inhabit Korea until recently, and even the family name did not appear in the Checklist of Insects from Korea (The Entomological Society of Korea and Korean Society of Applied Entomology, 1994). Recently, Jeong (2010) reported
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Collection and DNA extraction
Larvae of
For molecular identification, the partial mitochondrial COI region was PCR amplified by employing primers COIF and COIR (Table 1), in a total volume of 20 μL consisting of 2× TOPsimple DyeMIX-Tenuto (Enzynomics, Korea), ~100 ng template DNA, 2 pmol dNTPs, and 5 pmol of each primer. The PCR protocol consisted of initial denaturation at 94℃ for 3 min, 35 cycles of 94℃ for 30 sec, 45℃ for 30 sec, and 72℃ for 1 min, followed by final extension, 72℃ for 7 min. PCR products were purified using the AccuPrep PCR Purifi-cation kit (Bioneer). Sequencing reactions were performed using the BigDye Terminators kit 3.1, and run on an ABI 3730 Automated Sequencer (Applied Biosystems, USA).Using Blastn search, COI sequences similar to the present sequences were retrieved (Table 2) and multiply aligned by CLUSTAL W (Larkin et al., 2007) in the Geneious Pro 5.4.6 program (Biomatters, New Zealand). Neighbor-Joining tree
[Table 1.] List of PCR primers used in this study
List of PCR primers used in this study
based on the Kimura two-parameter model was inferred by PAUP4.0b10* (Swofford, 2003). Tree robustness was exam-ined by bootstrap analysis using 1,000 replicates.
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PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of partial mitochondrial genome
For phylogenetic analysis, more than 4 kb DNA including mitochondrial coding genes COI, COII, ATP6, ATP8, and COIII was amplified from a individual collected from the Sangchun reservoir by using PCR primers, CI-J-1632 and C3-J-5460 (Table 1) by using the same PCR reaction compo-sition for the molecular identification and the following PCR protocol: 92℃ for 2 min and 40 cycles of 92℃ for 30 sec, 45℃ for 30 sec, 68℃ for 12 min, followed by final exten-sion, 68℃ for 20 min. For PCR amplification of genes inside the long PCR fragment, several internal PCR primers were designed (Table 1) and separate PCR reactions were execut-ed using these primers. ND3 was amplified by the PCR pri-mers, C3-I-F and N4-I-R. PCR products were purified using the AccuPrep PCR Purification kit. Sequencing reactions were performed using BigDye Terminators kit 3.1, and run on an ABI 3730 Automated Sequencer.
For comparison, another 9 dipteran species and
For reconstucting the phylogenetic trees based on 5 mito-chondrial coding genes from dipteran species, a substitution model was chosen using MrModeltest version 2.02 (Nylander,
[Table 2.] List of COI nucleotide sequences of Chaoborus speciesusing for phylogenetic analysis
List of COI nucleotide sequences of Chaoborus speciesusing for phylogenetic analysis
[Table 3.] List of species compared with Chaoborus for phylogeny reconstruction
List of species compared with Chaoborus for phylogeny reconstruction
2004) under Akaike’s information criterion. The GTR+I+G model was used to generate a Bayesian inference and a max-imum likelihood (ML) tree. The Bayesian tree was obtained with MRBAYES version 3.1.2 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck, 2003) with default options for the prior distribution in the Bayesian inferences. Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMCMC) analyses were run with one cold chain and 3 heated chains for 1,000,000 generations from 5 mitochondrial coding genes, and sampled every 100 genera-tions. Two independent MCMCMC runs were performed and 2,500 trees were discarded as burn-in from the 5 mito-chondrial coding genes. The final trees near the optimum likelihood score were retained using the appropriate burn-in criterion. Trees from 5 mitochondrial coding genes were re-tained and used for calculation of posterior probabilities. A ML tree was constructed using PAUP4.0b10* by heuristic search with a truncated balanced realization algorithm. The tree stability was examined by bootstrap analysis with 100 replicates.
The sequence alignment is available upon request from the corresponding author.
For molecular identification, 6 individual specimens from Sangchun reservoir in Gyeonggi-do and 3 from Ildae reservoir in Jeollanam-do were used for generation of COI barcodes. In addition, 2 specimens from the National Institute for En-vironmental Studies of Japan were also examined for com-parison. Sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession nos: JQ277990-JQ278000). Based on the sequence compari-son of the COI gene, the specimens from the 2 Korean reser-voirs were almost identical (0.06%), while the specimens from Korean and Japanese populations showed 18% differences in genetic distance which are close to values for putative cryptic species suggested by Dupuis et al. (2008). According to the
neighbor-joining tree (Fig. 1), all the specimens examined in this study belonged to the
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Organization of protein coding genes of C. flavicans
Sequences of the partial mitochondrial genome were depo-sited in GenBank (accession no: JQ235548). The partial mito-chondrial genome of
The order of protein coding genes and tRNA was identical to that reported from many of insect species. The initiation and termination codons of the genes examined here were identified using the open reading frame finder and by com-parison with mitochondrial gene sequences of other dipteran species. ATG and ATT were used as initiation codons (Table 4). In case of COI the initiation codon could not found be-cause of the truncation of start region of the gene. The usual TAA termination codon found for all genes examined.
The codon usage of
[Table 4.] Annotation and gene organization of Chaoborus flavicans partial mitochondrial genome
Annotation and gene organization of Chaoborus flavicans partial mitochondrial genome
equilibrium frequency and the use of synonymous codons was distorted. CUG (Leu), UCG (Ser), UAG (Termination), AAG (Lys), UGG (Trp), AGG (Ser) were not used in
The topology of resulting phylogeny based on ML and Bayesian interferences analyses recognized two clusters of the Diptera consisting of Brachycera and Nematocera with high boostrap supports. In the Nematocera, Chaoboridae was more closely related to Ceratopogonidae than to Culicidae in both analyses employed (Fig. 2). However, the present phy-logeny suggested different relationships between families in Nematocera from previous analyses (Miller et al., 1997;Sæther, 2000). These prior studies suggested that Ceratopo-gonidae was diverged early and Chaoboridae and Culicidae were more related. In this study, Ceratopogonidae and Chao-boridae were more related to each other, however, this rela-tionship received little statistical support.
In this study,
Chaoborus flavicans codon usage of six protein coding region of partial mitochondrial genome